Conservation in the Peak District National Park

Conservation in the Peak District National Park involves more than preventing damage and leaving the countryside alone. Management is needed to maintain the variety and interest of the landscape. This involves * Looking after the best features of the landscape, eg well maintained moorland and listed buildings. * Improving neglected features eg rebuilding stonewalls and replanting woodlands. * Managing development so that damage is limited eg building and recreation activities. (2) Extent of Activity Now English Nature has designated 3.4% of the Park as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). These SSSI's cover 23,862 hectares of the Peak District. In these areas, manages must consult English Nature before making any changes which would adversely affect the Nature Conservation interests. The Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve includes parts of 5 limestone dales and is managed by English Nature. Country Wildlife Trusts manage reserves totalling 300 hectares. (3) Policies Governing Activity Many organisations are involved in the Peak District National Park these are, * English Nature- the official body responsible for promoting nature conservation nationally. * English Heritage- responsible for archaeology and the built environment. * Peak Park Joint Planning Board- they formulate the conservation policy for the Peak Park. * National Trust, RSPB, Wildlife Trusts- are all also involved with the decisions about the Park. The forestry commission and water companies own large areas of the Peak Park. (4) The Benefits/Importance of Conservation Conservation protects the land from being eroded by overgrazing and tourism. As well as this it monitors development so no unsuitable buildings are built which may spoil the traditional settlements and landscape within the Park. Conservation helps to protect wildlife in particular rare species, which may only be found within the Peak Park. For e.g. Grouse and Sphagnum moss. Conservation protects the characteristics of the Park by encouraging farmers to carry out traditional activities, such as dry stone walling. All of this means that as many people can enjoy the Park as possible but most importantly it's beauty can be viewed by future generations. (5) The Future In the next 50 years we would like to see a continue in the protection of the Peak Park as a living and changing environment. However in order for the park to fulfil it's main aim, which is to show the diversity of life, to provide a beautiful place for city dwellers to visit and to limit development in order to sustain the natural environment restrictions on certain activities must be enforced. We would like to discontinue the use of quarries, as quarrying causes unnecessary noise and air pollution and causes great scars in the natural landscape, which can never be totally repaired. As this is not appropriate as a large majority of Britain's limestone and Fluorspar is provided from the Peak Park, we would not allow any NEW quarries to be started. We would like to limit tourism to such a degree that erosion and damage caused by recreation would be stopped, however once again this would not be possible. It would be more reasonable to limit tourism to certain areas, which may be maintained when required or a small charge in place in order to repair any damage caused. The small roads and villages were not made for the amount of traffic, which is currently running along them. So many cars cause much pollution, which is likely to affect the quality of air. For this we would like to introduce a ban on private transport and would like to see an improvement in park and ride schemes and public transport! The traditional activities of current farmers should be maintained to show the culture of the county side and the slower pace of life. Fertilisers should be positively rejected as these would soon damage the delicate balance of the current Peak Park. Small developments are fine but any major ones, which would spoil the natural feel of the Peak Park, should not take place. We must strive to provide a beautiful place for people from cities to visit and enjoy, however at present it seems that people are wrecking the very place they have come to admire!

Apes Air Pollution Vocabulary

Chapter 17 Vocab * Acid deposition- the settling of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface. * Acid rain- Acid deposition that takes place through rain. * Aerosols- very fine liquid droplets or solid particles aloft in the atmosphere. * Air pollutant- gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms. * Air pollution- the act of pollution the air, or the condition of being polluted by air pollutants. Ambient air pollution- see outdoor pollution * Atmospheric pressure- the weight per unit area produced by a column of air * Carbon monoxide- a colorless, odorless gas produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel. * CFC’s- chlorofluorocarbon. One of a group of human-made organic compounds derived from simple hydrocarbons in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine, bromine, fluorine. Clean Air Act of 1970- revision of prior congressional legislation to control ai r pollution that set stricter standards for air quality, imposed limits on emissions from new stationary and mobile sources, provided new funds for pollution-control research and enabled citizens to sue parties violating the standards. * Clean Air Act of 1990- congressional legislation that strengthened regulations pertaining to air quality standards, auto emissions, toxic air pollution, acid deposition, and depletion of the ozone layer, while also introducing market-based incentives to reduce pollution. Cold front- the boundary where a mass of cold air displaces a mass of warmer air. * Convective circulation- a circular current driven by temperature differences * Coriolis effect-The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the northern hemisphere and leftward in the southern hemisphere. Criteria pollutant- six air pollutants- carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, particulate m atter, and lead- for which the Environmental Protection Agency has established maximum allowable concentrations in ambient outdoor air because of the threats they pose to human health. * Ferrel cell-An atmospheric cell lying between the two thermally direct cells: the Polar cell and the Hadley cell. It transfers warm air to high latitudes and shifts cold air back to the subtropics, where it is warmed. Front- the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture. * Ground level ozone- see tropospheric ozone. * Hadley cell- A large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes. * Halocarbons- A chlorofluorocarbon or other compound in which the hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced by halogens. * Inversion layer- in a temperature inversion, the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude. Montreal Protocol- he Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. It is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. * Nitrogen dioxide- a foul-smelling reddish brown gas that contributes to smog and acid deposition. * Outdoor pollution-air pollution that occurs outdoors Ozone depleting substances- airborne chemicals that destroy ozone molecules and thin the ozone layer * Ozone hole- thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica. * Ozone layer- a portion of the stratosphere that contains most of the ozone * Particulate matter- solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere and able to damage respiratory tissues when inhaled. * Photochemical smog- air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, especially those in automobile exhaust. Polar cell- one of a pair of cells of convecti ve circulation. * Primary pollutant- directly harmful * Relative humidity-the ratio of the water vapor contained in a given volume of air to the maximum amount the air could contain for a given temperature * Residence time- in a biogeochemical cycle, the amount of time a nutrient remains in a given pool or reservoir before moving to another * Secondary pollutant- added to the atmosphere Sick building syndrome- a building-related illness produced by indoor pollution in which the specific cause is not identifiable. * Stratosphere- the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere * Temperature inversion- an abnormal increase in temperature with height in the troposphere * Troposphere- the bottommost layer of the atmosphere * VOCs- volatile organic compound

Criminal Profiling Essay

Criminal profiling involves analyzing the scene of a crime and then use the information gathered from the analysis to determine correctly the identity of a perpetrator. This method of identifying perpetrators is very useful though it does not assist an investigator in getting the name of the perpetrator it helps narrow down and thus makes it easier to identify a criminal. (Dennis, 2006) Some of the pertinent issues that criminal profiling helps in bringing out include but not limited to the sex of the perpetrator, the background of a person in terms of ethnic community, age and personality. This profile is then used to single out a criminal among several people who appear to match with some of the features identified in the profile. One may wonder just how does criminal profiling work? Normally experts examine the manner in which a particular crime is committed. This is commonly referred to as the method of operations. Usually the experts will take the identity of the victims and then examine what the suspected criminals have in common especially in terms of the likely weapon that was used to commit the particular crime in question. The other issue that the experts look at is the brutality or hostility that was used during the commission of the crime in question by the perpetrator. Existence of torture or any form of hostility is yet another trait that experts look for when using the criminal profiling method. One student in an American University during a lecture asked her professor why he believed that the criminal profiling method actually works in identifying a perpetrator in a criminal act. The professor gave a precise answer and stated that thorough research has been carried out over the years and there have been conducted some interviews even with convicts who have helped prove the workability of this method. There are two main ways that are used to come up a criminal profile. One of the methods is one that is commonly used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation known as criminal scene analysis. This method involves a number of steps which include profiling inputs. This basically involves gathering evidence in terms of anything that was found in the scene of the crime. The second step usually is to put the evidence together and try to see if there is any common aspect in the crimes committed by the suspects. Crime assessment and investigation follows and it is after that some apprehensions can be made based on the investigations. The second method is the behavioral evidence analysis. This method was developed by Brent Turvey who argued that when a crime is being investigated there are a lot of discrepancies that rise from all the gatherings that are made by the investigative team. The first step is forensic analysis which involves analyzing physical evidenced gathered which may involve taking photographs and videos of the crime scene and having interviews with some of the victims of the crime who may be alive. Victimology is the nest step and involves creating a profile for a victim which in turn helps identify the criminal responsible. The third step is examining keenly the features and characteristics of the scene of crime as this is said to give a leading clue on who the suspect could be. The last step is combining the first three steps discussed and it is this combination that helps the investigators come up with a criminal profile. According to Turvey a crime ought to be analyzed in four main steps to ensure that the information gathered by the investigative team does not bear any discrepancies. Criminal profiling has in several instances been criticized as a source that lacks credibility on the basis that it is based on speculations. However experts state that according to research that has been conducted for several years now, criminal profiling has a considerably high level of credibility. Profiling involves a number of phases. The initial phase in every criminal profiling is known as antecedent which involves attempting to figure out the plan or the fantasy that the perpetrator of a crime had prior to the commitment of the crime. Basically this phase of criminal profiling involves an attempt to unearth the motive behind the commission of a crime by the perpetrator. The second phase is known as method and manner and involves examining the target group that the perpetrator was aiming at in the crime committed and more so the manner in which or better still the method used to commit the crime in question. Brent, 2002) The third phase in criminal profiling is known as body disposal and is common in murder cases. This is where experts attempt to examine where the scene of crime is the same with the place where the body was dumped or whether the crime was committed at a particular place and then the body dumped in yet another place thus introducing the concept of multiple. (Davis, 2007) Post offense behavior is the final or the last phase in criminal profiling and it is quite tricky. Post offense behavior involves investigating behavior of criminals especially after commission of crimes. Normally some criminals try to hide their identity by pretending to be part of the investigating team. Experts must therefore use their expert knowledge to single out criminals who pretend to be assisting in the investigation process yet they are the suspects. Having examined in great depths what criminal profiling is all about, it may be of paramount importance to address the issue of whether criminal profiling has managed to shape up chance. Basically by making this analysis we are able to know whether criminal; profiling does any play any vital role in helping to identify criminals in a given crime in question. In simpler terms using criminal profiling as a method of identifying criminals what are the chances of identifying the suspect responsible in the criminal act at hand. In the beginning of the twentieth century, criminal law took a new twist with criminal profiling slowly shaping chance. Majorly what changed during the twentieth century was the inference in terms of probability. During this century actuarial methods changed. One thing to note that it is not the risk analysis and actuarial thinking that actually changed but the inferences in terms of probability. The actuarial methods got more refined so that using the criminal profiling method one can be sure that the identity of a particular perpetrator is correct. In conclusion therefore it is correct to state that over the year and more so after the twentieth century, criminal profiling is slowly gaining acceptance as reliable method of correctly identifying perpetrators of crimes. This is because it has been studied and proved that it shapes chance so that the probability of a person to be the suspect of a crime in question having been pointed out by the criminal profiling method is very high.

Client Quality Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Client Quality Meeting - Essay Example The problem, therefore, is not that strategic planning does not work but that the paradigms that we have been using before are not right for new situation and environment. The first step has been to identify the pieces that must at least be understood before we can successfully begin. The next step, then, is to develop an idealized, generic model that gives us a clear idea of the whole that we are shooting for when we begin implementation. It must be specific enough to allow us to identify action steps. At the same time, however, it must be general enough so that any type of organization can apply it effectively (Knack, 2004). In order to be more successful, we need an approach that helps replace or combine our short-term orientation with a long-term one; discourages in-house competition for resources; helps generate consensus on priorities; encourages the necessary integration; effectively reads and reacts to the organization's increasingly turbulent environment; and does not impose unrealistic demands on those required to translate corporate objectives, as defined, into reality. (a) Process standardization The question arose of whether maintenance should have a team of its own or whether representatives should act as a resource to the other divisional teams. With input from the heads of PS&D and maintenance, it is eventually decided that this function should have its own team and should deal initially with issues internal to its own operation. This arrangement would allow maintenance personnel to concentrate first on their own procedures and equipment needs. It would allow them also to design, from their own perspective, the desired relationship with the storeroom and the production units they served before involving other stakeholders (Johnston 2003). A major purpose of the team building effort is to improve relations between the hourly work force and management. Having the two sides join together in a problem-solving effort is a step in this direction. The quality control consultants should meet with the team and review its conversations with the departme nt supervisors. (b) New technologies Information technologies must be integrated into the entire production process (from initial designs through marketing to final sales and supporting services such as maintenance). To do this requires the office, the factory, the retail store, and the repair service to have workers with levels of education and skill they have never needed in the past. Every production worker must be taught some principles of operations research to employ statistical quality control. (Frame, 2003; Senior,2001). V Expected Quality Standards Action- Guest speaker, discussion; Time - 30 min What are your expectations about product quality and control Do you agree with our strategic

Non-profit Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non-profit Organization - Essay Example 2). As a collaborating health agency, the CDC was noted to be working with other partners through health care agencies and institutions with the objective of monitoring the health status of the general public; detecting and inspecting eminent health problems; conducting the needed research to promote prevention of illnesses; designing and developing policies pursuant to health care and prevention of diseases; promulgating health behaviors; enhancing public awareness regarding the promotion of a healthy and safe environment; and providing the crucial training for leadership development within the healthcare setting. The origin of the CDC could be traced on the 1st of July, 1946 when it started as the Communicable Disease Center (CDC), also located in Atlanta, Georgia through humble beginnings. The initial thrust was the prevention and control of malaria, and interesting facts from its official website indicated that during the early years, â€Å"the CDC†²s early challenges included obtaining enough trucks, sprayers, and shovels necessary to wage the war on mosquitoes† (CDC: Our History par. 5). In contemporary times, CDC has been world renowed as a governmental health agency tasked with various crucial programs and projects that safeguard the health of the American population and focusing on the following key areas: supporting state and local health departments, improving global health, implementing measures to decrease leading causes of death, strengthening surveillance and epidemiology, and reforming health policies (CDC par. 12). Due to the extensive scope of CDC’s functions and tasks of safeguarding the health of the entire American population, there were ten great public health achievements that were revealed so far within the 21st century, as follows: (1) provision of immunizations; (2) ensuring motor-vehicle safety; (3) monitoring workplace safety; (4) controlling the spreading of infectious diseases; (5) instituting effective measures to reduce

Diversity Training in Organizations Research Paper

Diversity Training in Organizations - Research Paper Example versity training, the step by step discussion creates awareness of what the topic entails and informs the reader on the reasons as to why and how diversity training should be embraced. To have in-depth information, the paper has obtained relevant information from available books and scholarly articles. Even though diversity training is much applicable to current organizations, there are many challenges that have not been resolved thus it acts as detrimental a diverse group in a work environment. Whichever the case, organizations ought to appreciate the diverse nature of employees. Diversity has been a developing conception. The term specifically focuses on an individual through societal assemble. According to Kreitz, â€Å"many current writers define diversity as any significant differences that distinguishes one individual from another- a description that encompasses a broad range of overt and hidden qualities† (2007, p. 2). Discrimination in any workforce can be discouraging. It is the aim of any business to eradicate any form of discrimination within the workforce and create an environment that appreciates diversity (Awang, Shafie & Pearl, n.d.). It is quite important knowing that diversity does not necessarily cause differences. Gopta’s definition of diversity says it all â€Å"diversity is generally defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing & celebrating differences among people with respect to age, and ethnicity, and gender, physical & mental ability † (2013, p. 36). Organizations are forced to use varied ways of managing diversity. Training is one of the strategies and it varies from one organization to the other. The definition given by an organization depends on how it understands diversity. The workforce diversity has become a major force in the working environment and has called for an immediate focus. Douglas observes that it has become necessary to have diversity initiatives to handle the demographic shift (2007). Diversity training

National Labour Relations Act Research Proposal

National Labour Relations Act - Research Proposal Example The entire issue of trade unions among employees in civilised states especially in United States of America has raised endless debate among professionals and other critical thinkers and scholars. Despite discussing on the role and the significant of trade unions among employees, scholars have as well researches on the factors that led to the formation and development of trade unions in United States of America and other developed and developing countries. The subsequent essay will therefore explore and analyse on the importance of trade unions in United States of America and other developed countries. The essay will as well provide a comprehensive research proposal that will seek to train employees and employers on the content the national labour relations act The labour unions are often recognised organisations and movements that are comprised of workers hailing from single industry, employed by a particular business and performing a single job to a specific profit making and non-pr ofit making organization. Some of these unions are instrumental in granting employees a bargaining power to negotiate and agree on better and favourable terms and conditions of employment and remuneration. Compared to individual negotiation between an employee and employer, trade unions give employees and lower class organisation workers more agitation power and influence over their employers. The issue of forming, managing, and joining trade unions in United States have raised continuous debates among stakeholders from varying professional background Problem Statement It is the right of employees to become affiliates and active members of specific trade unions to voice their concerns, grievances, and front their interest and demands to their employees. Similarly, NLRA prohibits employers and managers from either suspending or dismissing their workers because of joining trade unions or because workers have engaged in trade unions strikes and demonstrations. During the epoch of the e conomic depression in United States of America, employers could recruit workers easily while employees found it difficult and challenging to secure another employment. Most workers were as a result less attentive and less interested in forming and in participating in unions’ strikes resulting to less than 10% of people becoming trade unions members by 1933. On the other hand, the NLRA provided the workers the rights and power of becoming members of trade unions thus enabling them to have a collective bargaining power with their bosses through preferred unions’ representatives. As a result, the United States of America constitution and the NLRA Act protected workers from exploitation or mistreatment by their employers. The introduction of NLRA therefore resulted in tremendous growth and development of trade unions membership in America and other developed countries such as United Kingdom (Sloane & Witney, 2010). Literature Review The NLRA Act offers and guarantee worker s protection and right to form, join, and become members of labour unions in order to collectively bargain on matters regarding their working hours, wages, as well as working conditions. Trade unions as well offers avenue for negotiation and interaction between employers and employees. NLRA further prohibits employers from taking punitive and strick actions or measures against employees who wish to become and participate

The Illusion of Similarity between Darnay and Carton in A Tale of Two Research Paper

The Illusion of Similarity between Darnay and Carton in A Tale of Two Cities - Research Paper Example Their stark similarities and interesting differences play important roles in the story plot (Cotsell 193). This brings the discussion to one of the striking themes of the novel --- the concept of doubles. The Concept of Doubles The novel opens with these lines: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way - in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. (Dickens 13) These opening lines immediately tells the readers the central plot of the story. It is about doubles, and all the similarities and differences of those doubles (Nardo 73). Even the title itself gives away the idea that the events in the story happens in two separate cities. While Dickens uses the theme of doubles to highlight several oppositions in the story, he also utilizes it to reveal similarities (Bloom 23), whether real or illusion. On a personal standpoint, one of the most interesting role of the technique of using doubles in the novel is the way the concept of how one thing could really be another is presented. One of the best examples here is the story surrounding Darnay and Carton. Darnay and Carton can easily be thought as one person due to their physical traits. Yet upon a closer look, one can see how Darnay is actually the embodiment of Carton's possibilities (Hutter 451). As the story progresses, it is easy to feel more positive towards Darnay, and just a bit sympathetic towards Carton. This style brings about what can be called a turning of tables in the end, which is the st ory's climax, when the good-for-nothing Carton surpasses the heroic image of Darnay (Nardo 74-5). This concept will be discussed further in the next paragraphs. Overview of the Two Characters During the trial in England, Carton brings up the idea that Darnay and he have very similar appearances. He says, â€Å"My lord being prayed to bid my learned friend lay aside his wig, and giving no very gracious consent, the likeness became much more remarkable† (Dickens 82). This strategy helps Carton in Darnay's acquittal from the treason charge, thus helping Darnay to wiggle out of a sticky situation. However, one striking fact here is how Dickens shows that no matter how similar they can seem to be, they can also physically look different at times. This is where the differences despite the similarities between the two protagonists start. Darnay is always well-groomed and neat, while Carton is almost always looking drunk and not very presentable (Page 121). This is just one similarit y and difference between the two men. Darnay and Carton also share similar beliefs. Both men try to make the most out of life by working for what they believe in and for what they want. Still, despite this another similarity, they have differences as well. While Darnay tries hard to be noble and to keep his dignity and honor clean, Carton sometimes uses misrepresentation and blackmail to get what he needs and wants (Page 124-5). While Darnay may

Leadership and Management Skills of the Great Personalities of the Essay

Leadership and Management Skills of the Great Personalities of the Twentieth Century - Essay Example The researcher states that even though Adolf Hitler, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Joseph Vissarrionovich Stalin and Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill belong to different nations, and cultures, one of the common elements seen in the behaviors of these people was their leadership skills or man management power. In fact, people adorned these leaders very much and were ready to do anything instructed by these leaders. In other words, people had blind faith in the abilities of these great leaders. Even though Hitler and Stalin were popular in their countries alone, Churchill and Roosevelt were very much popular all over the world. Stalin and Hitler worked only for the wellbeing of their people whereas Roosevelt and Churchill worked for the wellbeing of the global community, In other words, Hitler and Stalin were regional leaders whereas Roosevelt and Churchill were global leaders. The ability to solve problems in crises was the major element of similarity in the leadership of these four great personalities of the twentieth century.   Adolf Hitler, a politician of Austrian German, became boss of Nazi party in 1921 and being appointed the position of Germany Chancellor in 1933. In 1934, Hitler has assumed the office of German leader. During the Second World War, he was additionally appointed as Supreme Commander of German Armed Force. He was widely accepted as the main trigger of the Second World War.A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919 and became the leader of NSDAP in 1921. He attempted a failed coup detat known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred at the Bà ¼rgerbrà ¤ukeller beer hall in Munich on November 8–9, 1923. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir, "My Struggle" (in German Mein Kampf), while imprisoned. After his release on December 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism with c harismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism.

This play is really a piece of veiled social criticism, its theme on the failure of the American dream Essay Example for Free

This play is really a piece of veiled social criticism, its theme on the failure of the American dream Essay In the American dream, America is portrayed as the land of opportunity; the perfect place for everyone to live, all the stereotypical Americans are big, comfortable, rich, and altogether happy. They portray the image that through hard work, honesty and merit, they too can reach the top, have a large house, lots of money and the perfect all American family, a loving happy wife and two clever children. The play, however, could be Albees attempt to show that in many cases this American dream is unachievable and, what could appear at first to be the perfect family could, on closer examination, turn out to be something not confirming to the American dream whatsoever. This could also be Albee showing that the American dream is a perfect image, and just an image. At first sight, Martha and George appear to be as far away from the American dream and its ideals as is possible. They are constantly scrapping with each other and bickering and seem not to have a nice word to say to the other. At one point Martha quotes You see, George didnt have muchpushhe wasnt particularly aggressive. In fact, he was a sort of aa FLOP! A greatbigfatflop! Martha is portraying her husband in no uncertain terms to his colleagues. This encourages us think that no couple from the American dream scenario would do something like this. She is blatantly betraying her husband, and more importantly, destroying the happy family element of the American dream. As the play draws on, however, we find more and more evidence of a joyous marriage, hidden behind a thickened exterior from years of exercising their wits. We can find several examples of their love; the first being in the lounge shortly after the gun incident when Martha asks George to kiss her to demonstrate his affection. The second slightly more complicated issue, when she leaves with Nick and, despite no obvious signs of objection George really wishes she would reconsider the idea. At the beginning, Nick and Honey seem like the perfect all-American couple- young, attractive, on their way to success. Nicks attractiveness is portrayed in the opening dialogue between George and Martha, as she describes Nick and George remembers him as the good looking one. As the play progresses, a different couple emerges. Nick reveals himself to be cold-hearted and a bit ruthless; ready to do whatever it takes to get to the top. Honey seems silly and hopelessly inane until she reveals herself to be deeply frightened of reality, an eternal child who refuses to grow up to the responsibilities of life (as represented by childbirth). Nick comprehends George and Marthas secret, but whether he is changed by it is a question the play doesnt answer. As Martha is describing her son, Honey cries out that she wants a child, but Honeys future is ambiguous, too. Whether she will feel the same way after she has sobered up is never clarified. Nick appears to be the perfect candidate for the American dream. He is good looking, successful in his job, has the perfect all American wife, and a good outlook on life. As the plot progresses we start to see a wider perspective on Nicks life. He is not honest and we can see this in the middle scene when he is willing to further his career by sleeping with the principals daughter. This act is not worthy of any merit and he appears to not regret doing it either, definitely not a quality of the American dream hero. His wife also doesnt appear very committed to his job as she greatly begrudged having to make friends and acquaintances at Nicks previous post. She even went as far as to moan about this to her husbands colleagues, despite the fact that these were good and honest, merit-worthy ways to aid her husband in reaching the top. Martha is a large busy-bodying woman who is extremely insecure. She shows a need for love, which can easily lead to her getting hurt. In the very beginning she asks George for a kiss. When he refuses she appears to not mind but we can feel huge waves of upset coming from beneath the surface. We believe that she feels her marriage is insecure and that because she cant love herself she cant understand why George can love her. We see her, as loud boisterous and bossy but is she really? Her thick outer shell could simply be her way of preventing herself getting hurt, or it could be more simply, that she uses the attention she gets from the joking as a substitute for the love that she never got as a child. Her control over George is seen right from the beginning, she is extremely over possessive of their marriage and yet at times she appears as if she couldnt care less. Whereas all the other characters have a definite personality, which becomes more defined throughout the play, Marthas personality changes by the minute. At first she enjoys poking fun at everyone, then she doesnt and then she just collapses. We perceive this as either Albee constantly adapting her character to the changing events in the play or his way of making this character really come alive in a place true to our hearts; where we can all identify with her. George is the typical middle age college professor, married, stereotypical, but not the American dream man. He is lousy in his career and his wife is quick to point this out. He has not conformed to Marthas plans for him to become a high standing man in the university, taking over the department and eventually the college. Despite his apparent failure in his work he is a man who has certain principles and sticks with them. He doesnt however object to Marthas adultery, he hopes that even down to the very last minute, she will change her mind and not simply continue pushing to see how far she can go before George will object. We can all see however, that George is very sad when Martha has pushed beyond the point of no return and will not change her mind; he really loves her. At the end of the play he also turns out to push things too far, but this does not make a difference to our thoughts that he is more fulfilling of the American dream than Martha, Honey or Nick. Honey is a very fickle character; she simply does what suits herself best. In the first chapter of the play she admits to George that she doesnt really want children and, without telling her husband is having secret abortions. This is cruel and mean. It could bring their marriage crashing to the ground, and could also greatly upset Nick when he finds out. She is aware of this but goes ahead with the abortions anyway. Does this, the audience ask, make her an uncaring character? The answer is no, she is aware of the fact that Nick married her for her money and not love so she therefore is not 100% careful of her marriage. She drinks herself silly at the end of the first scene and then proceeds to continue drinking. An American dream character would have stopped before now, unless she is drinking to hide her sorrows or fears. In the play, the audience is aware that both Martha and Honey have social problems. Honey drinks a lot to cover, and hide from her problems and Martha puts on an outer appearance of being loud and boisterous, despite the fact she isnt. Albee has given both of these characters domineering fathers who do not conform to the American dream. Both men spent their years getting rich, not by hard work, but by stealing from the places they worked for, as we can see in these two extracts, the first from George on Marthas father; Martha has money too. I mean, her fathers been robbing this place blind for years, and the second from Nick, He spent Gods moneyand he saved his own, Neither of the fathers spent much time at home either, and neglected their daughters, using their stolen money as a substitute for love and affection. This deficiency in their childhood leads us, the audience to wonder if maybe these earlier problems are some cause for the troubles they both succumb to in their own marri ages. All the men in Albees play seem to have failed the American dream in terms of job ideals. None of them have a job where they have succeeded through honesty and loyalty. George is the only one who has been loyal, honest and hardworking, and he is still stuck in the mud at the bottom, in Marthas words, a flop. We do not find out how Marthas father got to the top; whether honest or not. We do hear, however that he takes money from the university and has failed Martha as a father, leaving us in no doubt as to what sort of person he is. Nick has failed at a previous job and has come to a new university hoping to turn over a new leaf, this might well be believed if he didnt go and sleep with the principals daughter shortly after arriving. He also explains, before sleeping with her to George that she is the most important woman in the university, the biggest goose in the gaggle, leading us to believe that maybe hes sleeping with her just for the power. Honeys father is implicated by his son-in-law to burn down churches to get money; not the sort of behaviour for a man of the American dream. Gamesmanship is one of the plays major themes and is expressed in the title of the first act, Fun and Games. Albee is emphasising the games everyone plays in life, particularly those that are harmful to us and to others. George and Marthas games have moved beyond the needs of a normal couple to chide each other for their faults. They now are capable of wounding each other deeply, as these games have become a substitute for real communication between them. In the play, their need to lash out extends to include Nick and Honey; and the party games, including Humiliate the Host, Get the Guests, Bringing Up Baby, etc, provide the framework for their marital battles. Georges decision to kill his and Marthas son provides the climactic game that may change their lives forever. Honey and Nick have no children, despite appearing, at first, to want a child. As we get inside this couple we discover that Nick is a biologist and would like children, whereas Honey is deeply afraid of having children. Honeys fear of childbirth goes as far as for her to have secret abortions without telling Nick. She confides this in George and he realises just how close to breaking point this marriage. No American dream marriage should ever be close to breaking point. Honeys secret appears only to make her marriage to Nick even more unstable, so we wonder why she doesnt tell him. As the play progresses, we can see George gently encouraging Honey to have her children instead of killing them until finally Honey announces suddenly and tearfully I want a child. This should be quite surprising to Nick, as he has assumed that she obviously wants a child, but it isnt so we think that maybe he has discovered her abortions and simply kept quiet. The imaginary child is important to the play for several reasons. On one level, it gives the play suspense, as the audience wonders why George is so insistent that the subject of the child not be mentioned. On a symbolic level, the child represents George and Marthas need to share something private amid the wreck of their marriage, even an illusion, since the thought of facing the reality of their lives is too painful. George doesnt want Martha to tell the guests about their child as we can see in some of the opening dialogue George: Just dont start in on the bit about the kid, thats all. Martha: What do you take me for? George: Much too much. Martha: Yeah? Well Ill start in on the kid if I want to. Martha: Just leave the kid out of this. George: Id advise against it, Martha. This starts us wondering about their child, who he is, where he is etc. Another possibility is that the child represents the sterility of American lives, in which the dream of the perfect child is merely an illusion, impossible to achieve in a world of adultery, alcoholism, lying, and evasion. Finally, the child acts as the catalyst in Georges last gesture against Martha, a gesture both sadistic and healing. His decision to kill the child results in Marthas realisation that reality must be faced, whatever the consequences. And the consequences for both George and Martha are, at best, uncertain. George claimed that his mother was killed accidentally, with a shotgun. We consider why he claims this to be accidental. He had the shotgun and it went off. His carrying of the shotgun was no accident. It firing may have been, but why did he have a loaded shotgun pointed at his mother? He then goes on to claim that he was driving, his learners license in his pocket when he swerved and killed his father too. These are both cases of violence in what is definitely not a perfect American dream, despite appearing to be. Honey is a fragile, gentle lady who suddenly starts shouting violence violence when provoked. Martha and George are constantly having battles of a verbal nature and goes as far as to declare all out war of verbal violence, destined to end unhappily for everyone. A true American dream sociology would contain no violence so why is it such a prominent feature in the play? Both Nick and Honey seem to want totally different things from their marriage. Nick wants children, Honey doesnt. Honey wants love, Nick doesnt give any. It is a long way from the perfect American marriage. Nicks has married for money only and he only thinks he loves Honey, as she has found out as the recipient. During George and Nicks discussions, Nick tells George about how he married Honey, he explains that he thought Honey was pregnant and he therefore married her. After the marriage however, she turned out not to be pregnant. This leads us to wonder if she really was pregnant and then had an abortion or a miscarriage or whether she was just lying to Nick; we are not told the outcome of this. Later however, when George plays Get the Guests it emerges what Nick told George and Honey is extremely is upset, reprimanding Nick, who claims he didnt mean to. This makes us contemplate; can a marriage where one half constantly does meaningless actions that upset the other seriously work? Marthas and Honeys need for love is a large element in the play. If they had been shown more love as children, maybe they wouldnt need it so much now. Marthas need from love is shown from the very beginning when they arrive and Martha asks for a kiss from George and when he refuses she asks repeatedley, then questions why he wont, fearing that their latest exercising of wits has annoyed him. As the play draws on, Martha sleeps with Nick, believing she will get love from it, when she doesnt, she is very upset. It is not difficult for us to empathise with Martha, slightly harder for us to empathise with Honey. Honey was never loved as a child and is not really loved by Nick either; this contributes to her frailness. We are led to believe that both married so they could get love, unsure of what it was and therefore unable to give it. Martha cannot understand how George could love her and believes their marriage is failing, despite the fact it isnt. When George tells Nick that the way to a mans heart is through his wifes belly Nick thinks George is joking. They talk for a bit calling the women a gaggle of geese and comparing them to The Puntas George continues to explain that sleeping around is the faculty sport and that everyone does. Surely not a good idea for a happy marriage on the American dream terms? As their conversation progresses, George encourages Nick to mount her like a goddamn dog, which Nick proceeds to do as the play unravels. When George realises that Nick is utterly serious about sleeping with his wife, he tries to give Nick some advice. Nick refuses to listen and simply mocks George who gives up after trying once more. George has been at the university a long time so when he fails to be listened to he is very upset, which could be why he later encourages Nick to sleep with Martha, in total seriousness. Because of the differences in their ages, George and Nick represent two different generations. George is generally passive, weakened by his lack of success and by Marthas constant humiliation of him. Nick is young, ambitious, and amoral; eager to get ahead by whatever means it takes. Their professions also contrast the two. A historian, George is also representative of a humanist, one who is interested in human values- in his case, with a particular interest in the past. A biologist, Nick represents both the future and the clinical, cold-hearted approach to life that threatens to rob mankind of its individuality. Albee ironically turns the tables on the characters when George is shown to be the one in control and the only one who has ever satisfied Martha. Nick, the stud, is impotent in his sexual encounter with Martha and becomes the houseboy, the subservient one. Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf is truly a portrait of humiliation and broken dreams. It is a piece of social criticism on the failure of the American dream. Albee has stated that the role of the writer is to be, axiomatically, against any society he happens to be living in, and we can certainly find evidence to prove this statement as we look at and study this play. The American dream is a state of perfection that can never be achieved. Martha and George who are happy but do not conform to the ideals and Nick and Honey who appear perfect, but under the surface are very strained. Martha is loud and boisterous but deeply unhappy, George is unsuccessful but loved and admired, Honey is unloved but delicate and beautiful, Nick is successful but not liked. All the men in the play appear unsuccessful when compared to the American dream. The games they play are not happy, or fun, but an excuse for verbal abuse. The characters are part of a society where they hold all night orgies, use violence and drink to extremes. The play is a piece of social criticism on the failure of the American dream.

Environmental Changes and Economic Growth Relationship

Environmental Changes and Economic Growth Relationship CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the Study Over the past two decades, the issue of climate change due to increased global warming has been a major environmental challenge. Rising levels of carbon dioxide emissions is considered one of the principal causes of global warming and climatic instability. In order to investigate the climate change concern, this research examines the cointegration and causal relationship between economic growths and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in selected five Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries for the period 1980 to 2010 namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The research focus on the relationship of these two variables, from the increasing effects of energy on economic development. This research aims to discover the linkage of these two variables as emissions and economic growth are related in contributing the global warming or climate change. This issues has been discussed frequently and become a bigger concern globally. The Research specifically focus on ASEAN five, and not to all ASEAN countries as these five countries sharing the similarity in the level of economics development since 1980 that coincided with significant increase in fossil fuel usage. The pressure exists for ASEAN five to achieve a balanced level of energy that control the CO2 emissions to the environment but at the same time ensuring the country’s sustainable economic growth. Thus, the issue regarding how increased fossil fuel consumption and economic growth influence carbon dioxide emissions is currently one of the most interesting topic. Over the past two decades, the menace of climate change due to increased global warming has been a major environmental challenge. Rising levels of carbon dioxide emissions is considered one of the principal causes of global warming and climatic instability Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) includes almost all of the Southeast Asian countries. Its key position in the Asian Pacific proclaims dedication toward peace and stability in the region, these Region contributed a significant economic input through integrated energy management. ASEAN was first officially established in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration by the five original member nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Further on Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao People’s Republic, Burma/Myanmar, and Cambodia joined, making the ASEAN a group of 10. ASEAN region lies within the waters of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea and South China Sea, and stretches more than 3,300 kilometres from north to south (latitudes 30 ° North to 11 ° South) and 5,600 kilometres from west to east (longitudes 92 ° West to 142 ° East). ASEAN borders from China to the north, India and Bangladesh to the northwest, and East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the southeast. ASEAN also has a long coastline, measuring about 173,000 kilometres in total, and is surrounded by major seas and gulfs such as the South China Sea, the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. In view of its proximity to the equator, the region enjoys a warm and humid climate throughout the year according to Letchumanan (2008). In ASEAN from the period from 1980 to 1999, its economy grew by nearly 5 percent a year and energy consumption by 7.5 percent. The economy is expected to continue to grow at this rate over the period from 2000 to 2020, and it is estimated that annual energy supply must increase by 4.2 percent a year to sustain this growth, Balce et al. (2001). As Karki, Mann, Salehfar (2005) the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the most dynamic economic regions of the world. The economy in ASEAN is linked with its diverse energy resources, high-level urbanization, and rapid industrialization. ASEAN’s growing economy in the last two decades has increased the concern of sustainable development in the face of deteriorating energy security, environmental pollution, and economic hardship in energy investment. In the last two decades ASEAN’s faces a growing economy and it has increased the concern of sustainable development in the issues of deteriorating energy security, environmental pollution, and economic hardship in energy investment Karki et al. (2005). ASEAN-5, namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines and Thailand have progressed economically well compared to other members of ASEAN. Among the ASEAN countries (excluding Brunei), in terms of per capita income in 2008, Singapore (USD 39,991) ranked the highest followed by Malaysia (USD 8032), Thailand (USD 4103), Indonesia (USD 2245) and the Philippines (USD 1840). The average GDP growth of ASEAN-5 between 2004 and 2009 was 5.9% with Singapore and Indonesia recording over 5% growth rates. The rapid growth of the ASEAN-5, specifically for Singapore and Malaysia compared to the rest, poses an interesting question among policymakers. Thus, it is essential to investigate the long-run and short–run relationship and causality issues between the variables for these countries. Furthermore, according to ACE (2002) The ASEAN makes up one of the largest regional markets in the world, and contributing a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of US$578 billion in 2000.The region hosts approximately US$53 billion in direct US investment, and it is the third largest overseas market for US exports with two-way ASEAN–US trade totalling US$120 billion in 2001.The rapid economic growth for ASEAN can be seen since Hence, the environmental, social, and economic issues in the region are very significant and widespread for the rest of the world. 1.1 History of C02 Emissions in ASEAN ASEAN comprises of ten countries. These countries have contrasting energy demand profiles, levels of access to modern energy services, and energy resource endowments. The demand for energy in the region has continuously increased over the past four decades, driven essentially by high economic growth, underpinned by increased urbanisation and industrialisation. The development has resulted in increased greenhouse-gas emissions. A large proportion (approximately 60%) of these emissions have come from fossil-fuel combustion taken from WRI (2011). According to Sandu, Sharma, Vaiyavuth (2009) the historical development in CO2 emissions for the ASEAN countries over the period 1971 to 2009, show that: (1) population growth and increased levels of affluence are the largest contributors to emissions growth in most countries; (2) fossil fuels have increasingly become the major fuel source in the region despite recent global environmental pressures – reversing this trend will be a challenging task; (3) production structures for most countries have increasingly become concentrated towards energy-intensive industrial sector; (4) the region has achieved energy efficiency gains at both end-use and conversion levels – in fact this is the only factor that led to reduced emissions; and (5) the effect of changes in carbon intensity of primary energy was only negligible and no meaningful trend can be observed. As fossil fuel as a major CO2 contribution in the air, it is relevant to reinvestigate whether the CO2 emission have a causality effect to GDP and how these two variable react .My research will answer the direction interplay between CO2 and GDP. Notwithstanding the large growth in energy consumption, energy consumption per capita in the region (0.9 tonnes of oil equivalent), however it still considerably lower than the developed world average. Moreover, almost 30% of the population in the region still do not have access to electricity IEA (2009). With expected increases in population (by 30% by 2050; UN 2011), coupled with ever increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, energy demand is expected to increase substantially. Unless there are fundamental changes in the patterns of economic production and fuel-mix, the greenhouse-gas emissions are expected to became higher and grow significantly in the years to come. For example, according to IEA (2009), the region’s share of global emissions could reach 5% in 2030. Currently this share is around 3%. The implication of CO2 emissions comes in positive and negative manners respectively. One important detail to be considered is that the effect of this occurrence varies from one country to another depending on the level of social, economic as well as political developments. As such, it is important to analyse the history of CO2 emissions, according to specific country rather than assuming the impact as an overall. This section will discuss further the history of CO2 through the perspective of ASEAN countries. This current research focus on CO2 emission only because this emission is the most listed in the IPCC (revised in 1996) and most effect to climate changes according to world-nuclear (2014).Latest updates are 72% of the totally emitted greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2), 18% Methane and 9% Nitrous oxide (NOx). CO2 is inevitably created by burning fuels like e.g. oil, natural gas, diesel, organic-diesel, petrol, organic-petrol, ethanol. The emissions of CO2 have been gradual ly increased within the last 50 years and are still increasing by almost 3% each year. According to Luukkanen Kaivo-oja (2002) the general observation on the basis of decomposition analyses provided that development of energy sectors in ASEAN countries is to an increasing extent based on fossil energy use. Decomposition analyses is quantifying the contribution of each group of energy use to the aggregate index.This type of development is mainly due to the fact that the ASEAN countries are industrializing economies and are following the Western pattern of development. This summarize that each countries responsibilities and participate of the developing countries in emission reductions is central and for ASEAN countries economic constraints can deplete the environmental concerns. 1.1.1 History of CO2 in Malaysia Malaysia experienced a rapid economic growth from the past four decades. From the year of 1961 to 1997 (before financial crisis) Malaysia economic growth increased by an annual average growth rate of 7.26%.and from the year of 1999 to 2008 (before Asian financial crisis), Malaysia experienced 5.55% increase in its annual average growth rate. Malaysia are categorise as a high income developing country in South East Asia. From the statistics energy consumption in Malaysia increased by average annual growth rate of 6.76% in 2010 to settle at 72646 kilo tone of oil equivalent (ktoe) from 6093 ktoe in 1971 (World Bank, World Development Indicator). Chik, Rahim, Studies (2012) conclude that CO2 emission intensity in the energy sector, Electricity has contributed the highest CO2 emission, while in non-energy sector; Transportation has contributed the highest CO2 emission in 2005. Malaysia’s initiative to combat the environmental issue based on energy use is by limiting and minimize the new energy intensive sector but will promote the energy efficiency and high production industries. According to Saboori, Sulaiman, Mohd (2012) Malaysia has experienced rapid transformation from an agriculture based economy to industrialization, and a significant rise in pollutant emissions, specifically CO2 emissions. In 2007 CO2 emissions in Malaysia were at 7.32 metric tons per capita while the world average was only 4.63 tons. It is proven that real GDP per capita and per capita CO2 emissions move closely together over time, implying a long-run or cointegrating relationship between them, as such econometric testing has been applied in my research to evidence the existence of the relationship. Thus it is justifiable to investigate the cointegration and causality issues between these two variables. 1.1.2 History of CO2 emissions in the Philippines CO2 emissions started in Philippines is a archipelago located in Southeast Asia and as a country that is full of islands and a sensitive ecosystem, Philippines also no stranger to the effects of global warming. Slightly changes in the environment can give big environmental disasters in Philippines. In 1994, 10,603 ktons of CO2 were released Industry sector. A major fraction (86%) of the industrial CO2 emissions comes from the cement and metal industries .Those emissions comes directly from industrial processed associated with manufacturing cement and metals, and excluded the power generation activities of these industries which are already accounted for in the Energy sector. This is related to the combined effect of GHG emissions came from the four sectors of Energy, Industry, Agriculture, and Wastes, and the net uptake (sink) of from the greenhouse gas emissions. Globally, this national amount is still minimal relative to the CO2 emissions from other developed countries parties to the UNFCCC. The greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector which is largely from CO2 come mainly from fuel combustion. From this sector alone emitted 50,038 kt tons of equivalent CO2 in 1994 by Bureau Resources (2004). Fabian (2009) reported that local air pollution problems and the impacts of climate change as well will continue to plague the Philippines unless a new program for land-use and transportation planning is implemented. In Philippines transportation sector plays a main role in economic development and cities are often cited as the â€Å"engines† of growth of a country. Recent estimates of CO2 and particulate (PM) emissions in the Philippines show that in 2008, emissions of CO2 totalled 30 million tons and 56 thousand tons of particulate matter. CO2emissions from the transport sector accounted for 38 per cent of the total from fuel combustion in 2000. If the business-as-usual scenario prevails, the number of motorized vehicles will become double before the year 2020. Indoor air pollution in ASEAN member countries caused by incomplete burning of biomass and coal while the people cook in traditional cook stoves. As much as 90% of the biomass is consumed in the household sector in Philippines as Bhattacharya, (2000). A study done by Bhattacharya (2000) shows that 29.1Mt of CO2 was emitted from biomass combustion, whereas 50.2Mt was emitted from fossil fuel combustion in the Philippines in 1995. The increasing high emissions from the cook stoves are due to low efficiency and high emission factors. The average efficiency of the most widely available cook stoves is about 16 percent, using charcoal as fuel. A typical cook stove used in Thailand has an efficiency around 14 percent and emission factors (g/kg of fuel used) of 26.4 CO, 1596 CO2, 10CH4, and 0.120 Nox Bhattacharya et al. (2002). The emissions are not only is the heat from the burning wasted, but because of poorly designed chimneys, the indoor air pollution is more severe 1.1.3 History of CO2 emissions in Singapor Kluver and Weber (2003) stated that Singapore, is an island country has existed since 1965, when it was separated from the newly formed Republic of Malaysia, as a result of a fear by Malays of Singapore’s dominant Chinese ethnic group as well as a strategy in order to keep communism at arm’s length. Singapore done very well in the past decades of the twentieth century to rise from an enter port centre to be a global city and finally become a developed nation country. It had resolved most of the issues relating to underdevelopment and had developed the needed institutions to prepare its survival in the twenty-first century. Tan, Lean, Khan (2014) indicate a significant rise in CO2 emissions as GDP rose. Another study on a possible turning point shows that continuous growth will be necessary for a long time before we experience any trickle-down effects on environmental pollution. The results of causality analysis conclude that CO2 emissions indeed have caused decline in Singapore’s growth. It is therefore argued that strict regulatory regimes on environmental protection in the city–state must remain in force. Tan, Lean, Khan (2014) indicate a significant rise in CO2 emissions as GDP rose over the years confirming a short-run trade-off between environment and growth. Furthermore according to Sam (2010) with the absence of any significant agricultural land or landfill sites, Singapore has no problems with methane gases. CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas emitted in the city state is produced by the use of fossil fuels in power generation. Singapore’s CO2 is produced by industry (54%), transportation (19%), buildings (16%) and consumer households (9%).CO2 emissions in Singapore rose from an average 5.26 million tonnes per capita between 1970s to 1980s to 10.29 million tonnes per capita in the mid-1990s, and stabilizing at an average of 10.19 million tonnes per capita for the period of 1995 to 2008. Comparing with total global emissions, CO2 emissions in Singapore accounted for less than 0.2% although Singapores contribution has increased from an average of 0.07% in the 1970s and 1980s to 0.17% in 1991 to 2008. For instance Singapore has been considered a high emitter of greenhouse gases. The Energy Information Administration (EIA), which provides energy statistics to the United States government, indicated in its 2006 data that Singapore emitted 141 million tonnes of CO2. The EIA ranked Singapore as the 33rd highest emitter of greenhouse gases among 215 countries. Bradshaw, Giam (2010) indicate that from the recent study ranks Singapore as the worst environmental offender among 179 countries in terms of proportional environmental impact. Singapores poor ranking is attributed to its drive for economic development and urbanization that has led to high proportional natural forest loss and greater release of CO2.

An Inspector Calls Essay -- English Literature

An Inspector Calls 'An Inspector Calls' is a play written by JB Priestley in 1945 and set in 1912. Priestley demonstrates his concern with moral responsibility and his beliefs in Socialist values through the character of the Inspector, whom he uses as a mouthpiece throughout the play. He voices his opinions on these issues using this technique, and they are shown by the way the Inspector deals with the Birling family and are exemplified by the obstacles to social harmony in which the Inspector has to face before coming to a suitable and justifiable conclusion. The play was written in 1945 - within a week of World War Two ending - but set in 1912, when Britain still had its Empire and was doing very well financially. The time span between the two dates is Priestley's way of expressing a feeling of urgency he thought necessary to pass on to society after the events of 1945. Although the war had ended, society in Britain in 1945 was still experiencing the hardships that it had brought. New books were printed under the wartime economy regulations, continuing the shortage of paper and therefore resulting in the books being expensive - too expensive for any working class person to purchase. However, in 1912 some things were different. Society did not have the burden of the war hanging over their heads, but life for the poor did not differ much from 1945. Edwardian society was strictly divided into social classes; below the very rich were the middle classes, such as doctors, merchants, shop workers and clerks. After that came the craftsman and skilled workers, and at the very bottom of the social ladder was the largest class of all - the ordinary workers and the poor, many of whom lived below the poverty... .... It is also contradictory to a section of one of Arthur Birling's speeches: "By the way some of these cranks talk and write now, you'd think everybody has to look after everybody else" which is the complete opposite to what the Inspector is announcing. The passage also anticipates World War One, in the sense that at the very end, the Inspector says "if men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish" - this, to the Birlings, is a prophetic statement, but the reader and audience are aware of it as it has already come to pass. To emphasise that idea, the Inspector lengthens the list of words he mentions; instead of just using a comma between "fire" and "blood", he chooses to use 'and', which sensationalises the comment and makes it sound somewhat more important than if he had just normally listed those specific words.

Elasticity of Pecan Market :: essays research papers

The article â€Å"Big Crop Won’t Reduce Pecan Prices† is about how the market for pecans affects the both the wholesale market and the retail market. The article describes how pecans are relatively inelastic around major holidays, such as Thanksgiving and Christmas. It is stated that there was a 150 million pound increase in pecans from the previous year. Since there was such a great increase in quantity supplied, the price decreased. Since the demand for pecans is relatively inelastic, consumers are not affected by a change in price. This article also describes the difference between the wholesale market and the retail market for pecans. Wholesale markets produce the pecans, and sell them to retailers for a low price; between seventy-five to eighty-five cents per pound. While the retailers purchase the pecans for a low price, they turn around and sell them to consumers for about five times the price they paid for them. The pecan producers have no control over the pric es that they sell the pecans at, and they have no control over the price that the retailers sell the pecans at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wholesale pecan market is a perfectly competitive market. There are lots of different suppliers, and it’s a highly standardized product. The demand and supply curves are relatively inelastic due to the craze for pecans during the holidays. The massive increase in pecans supplied causes the price per pound of pecans to decrease greatly. The graph (on the left) represents the increase in demand.    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The graph above and off to the right represents the demand and marginal cost for a firm. In the retail market, they have control over the price at which they sell their products to consumers. In the article they state that the firms buy the pecans from wholesale markets for a small price, like eighty-five cents, and then they go off and sell the same pecans for $5.50. A decrease in the price causes a decrease in marginal cost.

Free College Admissions Essays: Committed to Music :: College Admissions Essays

I am Committed to Music In my first piano recital at the age of eight, I felt overwhelmed by the audience' s applause. Since that first recital, I became very committed to music and attempted to build a music career. At age six, I began playing the piano, and at age fifteen, I began playing the trumpet. Admitted by a professional music high school at age sixteen, I had the opportunity of exploring the broad world of music, and the high quality of instruction greatly enriched my music background. After intensively preparing for my first trumpet competition, I won the championship of trumpet competition for the remaining two years of high school. By attending various kinds of competitions, I further developed my musical interest and abilities. After graduating from high school, I entered Soochow University, whose music department is among the best in Taiwan. During these four years, I had numerous opportunities to perform on stage. Realizing early on that performance is the lifeblood of musicians, I joined as many orchestras, wood bands, and brass quintets as possible to acquire performance experience. Having numerous performing chances, and enjoying each of them, inspired me to become a professional musician in the future. Besides taking part in performing activities, I also used my experiences and knowledge to teach students. Believing that teaching others how to appreciate the beauty of life is fulfilling, I teach both to give knowledge and to enhance my own artistic ability. Because I so enjoyed my conversations with students, I remain committed to teaching and trying to convince others of the limitless joys of music. Now, after all my music training over the years, I want to further refine my music ability and enlarge my knowledge by pursuing

Why Smoking is Bad for You

Did you know that the primary cause of death around the world is smoking? Are you aware that every cigarette you smoke reduces your expected lifespan by eleven minutes? And that 4. 9 million people world wide dies as a result of smoking? Smoking Is a common and popular occurrence and also responsible for approximately ninety percent of lung cancer deaths. Smoking is a bad habit and is also very hazardous to those who don't smoke. So, before you act heedless, stop and think about what smoking will do to you and the people around you. Smoking cigarettes is a commonly pastime in the United States.At almost ever super market or gas station there are ads encouraging you to buy cigarettes. Which the smoke from the cigarettes contains over seven-thousand chemicals, sixty-nine of them are known to cause cancer which eventually lead to your dead. There are kids getting Influenced by these ads. Smoking Is abhorrent because it's not good for you health, not only good for your health but does as much damage to the ones around you, and It also makes drastic changes In your appearance. One of the many reasons why I think smoking is bad for you is obviously because of al the health problems smoking causes.From smoking just one cigarette can lead you on your way to cancer because of the nicotine it contains. Nicotine does not cause cancer, it is an addictive drug. This can eventually make you go from one innocent smoke to multiple smokes, which then leads you to being an addict and from addict to patient with lung cancer. In other words your death sentence and I know you don't want that for yourself. In a way by smoking you encourage cancer. Because you know what cancer can lead to so Instead of wasting your money on a cancer suck you should donate It to find a DOD cause, for Instance finding a cure to cancer association.You may say â€Å"But smoking helps me when I'm stressed out† or â€Å"Smoking makes you look cool† please no disrespect but please keep your tr ap shut. If you're stressed find something besides smoking, find a hobby, go for a run, and make a plastic of your favorite songs that help you stay calm, or eat if that helps you and for smoking being ‘cool' do you think its cool when there are infants who breathe second hand smoke and causes them have weaker lungs than other babies. Do you think it's fair? Or do you think is so ‘cool' hat there is patients painfully dying in hospitals because they decided to smoke and now are suffering the consequences?If you do please think again its not cool or funny It Isn't safe for yourself or others around you. Now please stop Influencing smoking and realize how smoking Is a major Issue because It affects you and your loved ones. When I think of smoking I think of all the different ways people can make a change in this situation instead of encouraging it. Please think before you decide you need another cigarette to release some stress or because others think your cool Just becaus e you smoke something so harmful.

Conflict Resolution Assignment

Finally they do the same job therefore there s a possibility of workplace competition causing conflict. Although the most obvious sign of the conflict is the argument between the colleagues there may have been signs before this. Unfortunately there is not enough background information given about the history, however it could be speculated that someone could have left the role before John and therefore was unhappy in their role and relationships at work. I would hope as a manager would have been able to identify and resolve this conflict before it got to this stage.However the role might also be new, if this is the case Mike eight be used to working on his own and therefore might feel he does not need any help. This could have included a meeting that turns into a stand- off or angry emails to each other. However due to Mikes personality the conflict could have been harder to discover – for example, Mike have withdrawn from contact with John however from John perspective this i s normal behavior from Mike. Any change from normal behavior could be a sign of conflict or an issue therefore would consider this as a sign.Sign of conflict ;When John finally appears, Mike tells him he's not going to cover for IM anymore and there is an argument. The cost of this conflict might already be taking place through a loss of productively, motivation and them not willing to work for each other. John stating ‘Just do your Job' could be a sign this is already hipping. Dealing with employee conflict in a timely manner is important to maintaining a healthy work environment preventing the situation getting worse resulting in staff sickness or even one member of staff leaving.By spotting signs of conflict early, you have a better chance of identifying the cause, reaching an agreement, resolving the conflict. It is important to deal with the situation rather than the person, be a calming presence and that you try to build mutual respect and understanding between Mike and John. Being courteous to each of them and remain constructive. Sometimes it might be better to speak to them individually to get the facts before exploring the options together and negotiate how they are to work together.Through this process active listening is important to understand both Johns and Mikes position as well as them understanding each others. My role would be to Restate, paraphrase, summarize. This verbal approach is called the â€Å"Interest-Based Relational (FIR) Approach†. This will be particularly important in John and Mike's situation because it respects individual differences and focuses on the mutual problem rather than the person. It is important look at the circumstances, and think about the style that may be appropriate.Then use a process to resolve the conflict. The Thomas-Killing Conflict Resolution model could be used to do this. It is important understand a person's natural style. From the information in the narrative John is likely to take a compe ting approach this is assertive and uncooperative an individual pursues his own concerns at the other person's expense. This approach is unlikely to be effective for John to use because it is a power-oriented mode where John holds no rank. However it is an approach that could take as a middle manager with supervision responsibilities.This is not an approach I would initially take, but could do if other methods fail. The other approach could be to be accommodating, the individual neglects his own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person. If any of the party did this it is not likely to resolve the issue. The accommodating party might feel the situation has not been dealt with and the conflict still remain. Mike had been Avoiding the issue for a while which had caused anger to build up and the argument to erupt.If took the same approach due to the differences in value and personalities they are not likely to resolve the issue themselves and the problem is not likely to go away. A more appropriate approach might be to collaborate to work with others to find a solution that fully satisfies their concerns. For example Fijian arrives late John might agree to stay on later. The final option could be to compromise. For example an agreement might be made where John arriving 5 minutes late is not an issue, but John might agree not to arrive 20 minutes late.Thus finding a middle ground. Having an open discussion with Mike and John might help identify other problems that need to be resolved, but also promote understanding and motivate them to work more efficiently. It is important to keep a close eye on the situation including having formal one to one meetings, receiving feedback from other employees, but also ensuing they value each other's difference to the extent they can work with each other threaten to improve the work environment and the performance of the business.

Prisoner’s Dilemma Essay

The idea of prisoner’s dilemma promoted by Axelrod has created different levels of interpretation of relationships revolving around the international arena. The idea which originated from the rational choice discipline has paved the way for alternative explanations in the practice of governance in the anarchic arena.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to security issues prevalent in the international arena the concept of prisoners/security dilemma comes into the picture. According to (Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 2005, p.3) â€Å"security dilemma arises also when we don’t assume that nations and their leaders are inherently evil, war-mongering people.† In addition, the lack of trust and pursuit of relative gains among members of the international community paved the way for such actions among states. According to (Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 2005, p.7) â€Å"if trust is lacking there is likely to have strong relative gain concerns.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, there is a need of continuous information sharing, consensus, and trust among members of the international community. With the application of this will the issue of security dilemma be alleviated. According to (Mc-Graw Hill Companies, 2005, p.8) â€Å"security dilemma can arise between states in the anarchic international system due to lack of trust, misperception, and miscommunication, and the inherent ambiguity of every state’s attempt to acquire military power to survive.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One example in catering and addressing the challenges posed by security and prisoners’ dilemma is the creation of institutions that will foster the mechanisms and processes to alleviate the idea. It must be able to create communication measures, pave the way for trust to occur between states and clarification and monitoring that will enhance the distinction of offensive and defensive purposes. With these initiatives, the negative setback created by security and prisoners dilemma can be alleviated and prevented. In this light, cooperation may be possible. Work Cited Mc-Graw Hill Companies. ‘Prisoners Dilemma’ 2005 accessed December 10, 2007 [on-line] PowerPoint Presentation.

Lotf essays

Defend and/or criticize Ralph's actions as leader. What were his motivations? Did he contribute to the tragedy in any way? Could he have acted to prevent any of the deaths? What would you have done differently in his situation? . Describe the religious imagery in Lord of the Flies: the forces of good and evil, a all from grace, a savior, and eventual redemption. How does Goldings depiction of the island compare to the Garden of Eden? 3. Some readers of Lord of the Flies have argued that each and every one of the boys' actions is nothing more than an attempt to survive in difficult conditions. Think about the mounting of the sows head, Simon's ascent up the mountain, and the murder of Piggy in particular, as well as any other key scenes that stand out for you.Is it fair to say that the boys' actions were merely the result of the human survival instinct? Why or why not? If so, can you use these examples to draw some general conclusions bout the human instinct to survive? 4. Support the argument that Simon is a â€Å"Christ Figure. † Do you agree or disagree with the idea that Simon is a Christ Figure? Discuss the development of this character from the frail, shy, fainting kid to the well-developed character that faces the Lord of the Flies and the beast, eventually being sacrificed as a result. . The conch is an all-important symbol in the novel. It is almost a character in its own right. Trace the development of this symbol. How does Golding develop this shell into this symbol? Discuss what it means, and the effect it has on the group of oys, from the first assembly to its eventual destruction. You may want to include in your discussion its relation to characters like Ralph, Piggy, or even Jack. 6. Discuss the development of one of the major characters (Ralph, Piggy, Simon, Jack).How do they change from beginning to end? Is the change a â€Å"good† change, or a â€Å"bad† one? Be sure to support you response with specific examples from the t ext, as well as information you learned from class discussions (Simon as Christ Figure, or Piggy as representative of knowledge, etc. ) 7. Another topic that you feel strongly about – you have to prove a thesis using a upported argument, and your topic must be approved by me before you begin.

Outsourcing Can Help America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing Can Help America - Research Paper Example Whether American residents like it or not, outsourcing has become a glaring reality to the American people. Many American have lost their jobs because of the outsourcing phenomenon. The research delves on the many advantages of outsourcing American jobs to other countries. Outsourcing can be interpreted as good for American business and America as a whole. First, American companies can generate more salary savings. Companies pay the salaries of their employees. When hiring an American employee, the American companies must comply with American labor laws. The labor laws indicate that the company must comply with the minimum wage law. The minimum wage law gives different rates for each job classification. The minimum wage law was instituted in order to prevent the proliferation of abusive sweat shops. The International Labor Organization spearheaded he establishment of minimum wages in many countries. Consequently, different countries have different minimum wages. Likewise, different c ountries have different wage laws (Neumark 20). The scene shows that the United States minimum wage continued to increase through the years. The minimum wage during 1974 was $2.00 per hour. The minimum wage during 1978 was $ 2.65 per hour. The minimum wage during 1990 was $3.80. The minimum wage during 1997 was $5.15. The minimum wage during 2007 was $5.85. ... The law does not apply or infringe on the minimum wage laws of other countries. China has a lower minimum wage law amount compared to the United States. India has a lower minimum wage figure when compared to the United States minimum wage. Consequently, American companies can take advantage of the other countries lower minimum wage laws (Neumark 25). India continues to be the leading outsourcing destination. The company can hire an India company to do the call center jobs that American can do. With the current information technology advances, people anywhere around the world can communicate with one another live. The use of the internet has ushered in the chat technology and video conferencing technology. Under the new technology, an India call center company can take the calls of the American companies’ online current and future customers. American companies can hire the India companies to sell goods and services of the United States companies’ products online. There a re many outsourcing country destinations. South Africa’s outsourcing costs is higher than India’s outsourcing costs. The Russian outsourcing situation indicates there are more language barrier issues when compared to the English speaking India employees. The Czech Republic outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost. Malaysia’s outsourcing employees has lesser talent pools compared to India’s outsourcing source. Mexico’s outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost (Greene 20). The American companies’ customers would not know if the person answering their online or phone inquiries is working within United States or located in another country (Halvey 18). India has been known to be a

Surgical and Rehabilitation Intervention of an open mid shaft tibia Essay

Surgical and Rehabilitation Intervention of an open mid shaft tibia and fibula fracture - Essay Example Fractures of the lower leg involve fractures of tibia and fibula, of which tibia is the only weight bearing bone. Tibia is the most commonly fractured long bone in the body (Konowalchuk, 2005). These fractures occur due to direct or indirect trauma. Tibial diaphyseal fracture due to foot ball injury is mainly due to high energy (Chang et al, 2007). The most common fracture pattern is transverse AO Type 42A3 (Chang et al, 2007) (table-2). Most of the times, fracture of tibia is associated with fibula fracture also, because; the force from tibia is transmitted along the interosseous membrane to the fibula (Norvell, 2006). In about 60% to 90% of football injuries, both tibia and fibula are fractured (Chang et al, 2007; Cattermole et al, 1996). These fractures can be open or closed. Tibial fracture is open in many cases because of thin soft tissue over tibia. Hence the chances of delayed non-union and infected non-union are common in tibial fractures (Patel, 2004). The fibula is however, covered well with soft tissues (Norvell, 2006). Immediately after fracture, there is hematoma formation due to rupture of blood vessels. This hematoma fills the fracture gap and surrounds the area of bone injury (Rosenberg, 2007). A fibrin mesh is provided by the clotted blood which helps seal off the fracture site and creates a frame work for inflammation and repair. There is influx of inflammatory cells, ingrowth of fibroblasts and development of new capillary vessels. There is also release of some cytokines by the degranulated platelets and migrated inflammatory cells (Rosenberg, 2007). Time for fracture healing and extent of changes in markers of bone metabolism are mainly dependent on fracture size (Stoffel, 2007). The cytokines activate the osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum, medullary cavity, and surrounding soft tissues and stimulate

Health and safety law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health and safety law - Case Study Example The employee who is injured can also through the civil courts seek damages, compensation due to injuries caused. This is done under the civil law area like occupier’s liability and negligence (Rosalyn, 2014a: 9). The verdict of the lord of Artkin to Donogue vs. Stevenson case in 1932 can be used to act as precedence. He propounded that, â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rosalyn, 2014b: 5). In Jane’s case, therefore she should go forward and sue the Local Education Authority. This is because they didn’t avoid the increase in the number of children in the class. In the same sense, the employer would have prevented the grievances through adding an additional staff as a protective measure. In Sam’s case, he should not sue his employee since the negligence was on his part when it comes to his injury. He didn’t put on the protective gears despite the head teacher having commented about the same in several occasions. Mr. James is in a position to sue his employer on the basis that the act of Poppy made him break his arm. The head teacher is a representative of Local Education Authority thus making an act of negligence by the head teacher transferable to the Local Education Authority. The fact that Poppy was invited by the head teacher makes her the head teacher’s responsibility and her negative acts therefore can be summed up to be negligence on part of the head teacher. This is based on the fact that the â€Å"duty of care is established as one belonging to the employer to take reasonable care for the health and safety of his employees.† (Rosalyn, 2014b: 5). Jane’s and Mr. James’ case can also be based worth suing in terms of the scope of study. For Jane’s case, the employer would not provide for competent additional staff (Rosalyn, 2014b: 6). For Mr. James case, there was no efficient

The short and long term financial strategy of a listed company of your Essay

The short and long term financial strategy of a listed company of your choice - Essay Example The impression gained by lenders and investors have a direct bearing on the movement of stock prices of a company and, as is commonly known, any downward movement of stock prices immediately generates negative sentiments in the market that have a direct adverse effect on the goodwill of the organization (Arnold 2005). No organization of repute can afford to accept a smear on its goodwill as that has a very great impact on its turnover and profitability. Moreover, a company that does not have goodwill in the market is very rarely is able to gather funds from the market when it is need of it and always has to struggle with high interest rates that it has to pay if it wishes to borrow from commercial banks or institutional lenders. Thus, this report is of vital importance to any corporate entity as it can make or mar its future. To prevent any manipulation of figures, authorities all over the world have made it mandatory that such accounts must be vetted and audited by statutory auditor s and submitted to registrar of companies in prescribed formats (Pike and Neale 2009). This assignment examines in detail Annual Report of Accenture and draws important and vital conclusions about the company. Accenture – background details of the company (Oliveira 2008) Accenture is a global management consulting company that has firmly established itself in the Fortune 500 list of companies. It was in 394th position in 2007 and has steadily gained since then in stature and prominence in the global competitive arena as it became a force to reckon with in the field of technology and outsourcing services. This company has a rather checkered past as in its earlier incarnation, Anderson Consulting, it got inextricably smeared in black as the Enron scandal unfolded with all its murkiness and deceit. So before the company went for initial public offering in 2001 it had changed its name to Accenture to get rid of an unenviable past association. This company is an acclaimed global s ervice provider having a highly decentralized organization structure and services clients of international repute and global footprint in areas of increasing productivity, turnover or returns on capital employed. In order to serve a worldwide client base the company had no other option but to decentralize its operations and that is evident when one comes to know that it operates from more than 150 locations in about 50 countries. The company, like most other service providers, values its human resources as its most productive asset and goes to great lengths to maintain it properly. With more and more companies investing heavily in Information Technology to cut costs and increase productivity, one of the core businesses of Accenture has become IT consulting. This is a highly competitive market and the only way to survive and stay ahead of competition is to continuously innovate and provide cutting edge solution to clients especially with competitors as Cap Gemini SA and Atos Origin h eavily breathing down Accenture’s neck. Accenture has also built corporate alliances with other leaders as SAP and Oracle and also formed a joint

SPSS Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SPSS - Statistics Project Example The students could ONLY study in the environment to which they were assigned during the research period. At the end of the 7-week research period, mid-term GPA was computed for each student. A change score was computed for each student: each students spring midterm GPA was subtracted from his or her GPA for the preceding fall semester. The difference was each students GPA Improvement score. The GPA improvement score was used to measure academic performance. Using the SPSS 2 Ãâ€" 3 ANOVA data file for Module 4 (located in Topic Materials), answer the following questions. NOTE: Helpful hints are provided here for you to use while answering these questions. There is no separate answer sheet/guide to use while doing this assignment. Then two†way between subjects ANOVA is used to analyze the results of a between subjects factorial design with two independent variables (factors). The two†way ANOVA tests three hypotheses: the main effects for each of the two factors and the interaction effect b. What do the results of the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects tell you? Was there a significant main effect of Environment on GPA improvement? Was there a significant main effect of Sex on GPA improvement? Was there a significant interaction effect of Environment X Sex on GPA improvement? Report the results for each of these questions providing the actual F-value and p value using the following format: F(df1, df2) = 0.785____, p = .__000_ or if the p is shown as .000, write it as p c. Use eta squared to provide effect size/proportion of variance accounted associated with each F-value. If the F-value for a main effect and/or for an interaction effect is statistically significant, what is the eta squared (ï  ¨2) value associated with that outcome? Report eta squared, ï  ¨2; ignore partial eta squared that SPSS can provide. You have

IELD LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IELD LAW - Essay Example Acemoglu goes on to say that it is important to obtain the right balance between politics and economics, because one inadvertently affects the other (Acemoglu 68). This is where law comes in because laws and policies are mainly made by politicians; these are the same laws that have major effects on the economy and development of a country. As a result of this, it is really important that a right mix be found between politics (law) and economics; this will create new opportunities and freedoms which can be exploited in order to improve economies and by extension the living standards of people living in poor countries (Acemoglu 69). In his book, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time, Sachs provides several reasons why some countries fail to achieve economic growth and therefore remain poor and underdeveloped. He goes on to list government failures as one of the reasons for failed economic growth in poor countries, and explains this by stating that governments must pro tect businesses and make it easy for people to do businesses (Sachs 59). This, he says, can be done by taking steps to assure people that it is perfectly safe and conducive to do businesses in a particular country (Sachs 60). My understanding of this is that law is heavily involved since policies have to be enacted and implemented in order for investors to inject their money into a particular economy. As a consequence, I can conclude that Sachs also agrees that law plays a vital role in economic development and should therefore be taken seriously because it is a tool for promoting and enhancing economic development. In his book the Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and what can be done about it, Collier (65) argues that â€Å"governance and bad policies help to shape economic performance, but that there is a proportionality in the effects of getting them right or wrong†. Collier is simply saying that bad governance and failure to enact the right economic p olicies can seriously dent a country’s hopes of developing. When governments cannot develop and implement policies that ensure a good environment for doing business, investors will stay away and the country will not be able to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI plays a crucial role in the development of a country, and it is common knowledge that all developed nations attract a lot of FDI, and also go to great lengths to ensure that their countries are investor-friendly. In poor and underdeveloped countries, bad governance and lack of democracy leads to things dictatorships, chaos and instability. These are some of the arch-enemies of development; they greatly inhibit the ability of a country to attract investment, aid and good diplomatic relations and therefore limit its potential for development. In Easterly’s The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good (Easterly 5), Easterly identifie s two groups that have influential roles to play when it comes to aid and the distribution of aid. He names these groups as planners and searchers, and says that planners are those who insist on a continuation of giving out aid and grants that often do not reach their intended targets, while searchers advocate