The History of Laptop Computers

It is a little hard to determine which was the first portable or laptop computer since the earliest portable computers to arrive did not look anything like the book-sized folding laptops that we are familiar with today. However, they were both portable and can sit on a persons lap and did eventually lead to the development of notebook style laptops.   With that in mind, there are several potential firsts below and how each might qualify for the honor. The First Laptop The Grid Compass was designed in 1979 by a Briton named William Moggridge (1943–2012) for Grid Systems Corporation. It was one-fifth the weight of any model equivalent in performance and was used by NASA as part of the space shuttle program in the early 1980s. As far as technical specs, it featured a 340K byte bubble memory laptop computer system with a die-cast magnesium case and folding electroluminescent graphics display screen. Gavilan Computer U.S. engineer Manny Fernandez (born 1946) had the idea for a well-designed laptop for executives who were just starting to use a computer. Fernandez, who started Gavilan Computer Corporation, promoted his machines as the first laptop computers in May 1983. Many historians have credited the Gavilan as the first fully functional laptop computer. The First True Laptop Computer The Osborne 1. Tomislav Medak/Flickr/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0   The computer considered by most historians to be the first truly portable computer was the Osborne 1. Thai born book and software publisher Adam Osborne (1939–2003) was the founder of Osborne Computer Corp, which produced the Osborne 1 in 1981. It was a portable computer that weighed 24 pounds and cost $1,795. For that, users got a five-inch screen, modem port, two 5 1/4 floppy drives, a large collection of bundled software programs and a battery pack. Unfortunately, the short-lived computer company was never successful.   Early Laptop Releases 1981: The Epson HX-20 is announced in Japan, a battery powered portable computer with a 20-character by 4 line LCD display and a built-in printer. January 1982: Microsofts team of the Japanese engineer Kazuhiko Nishi (born 1956) and Bill Gates (born 1955) begin discussions on designing a portable computer that featured a new liquid crystal display or LCD screen. NIshi later showed the prototype to Radio Shack and the retailer agreed to manufacture the computer. July 1982: Release of the Epson HX-20 1983: Radio Shack releases the TRS-80 Model 100, a 4-pound battery-operated portable version of its TRS-80 Model III with a flat design that looks more like modern laptops of today. February 1984: IBM announces the IBM 5155 Portable Personal Computer. 1986: Radio Shack releases the new, improved and smaller TRS Model 200. 1988: Compaq Computer introduced its first laptop PC with VGA graphics, the Compaq SLT/286. Notebook Styles October 1988: The release of the NEC UltraLite was considered by some to be the first notebook style computer. It was a laptop size computer that weighed under 5-pounds. September 1989: Apple Computer releases the first Macintosh Portable that later evolved into the Powerbook.   1989: Zenith Data Systems releases the Zenith MinisPort, a 6-pound laptop computer.   October 1989: Compaq Computer releases its first notebook PC, the Compaq LTE. March 1991: Microsoft releases the Microsoft BallPoint Mouse, which used both mouse and trackball technology in a pointing device designed for laptop computers. October 1991: Apple Computers released the Macintosh PowerBook 100, 140 and 170—all notebook style laptops. October 1992: IBM releases its ThinkPad 700 laptop computer. 1992: Intel and Microsoft release APM or the Advanced Power Management specification for laptop computers. 1993: The first PDAs or Personal Digital Assistants (pen-based hand-held computers) are released. Sources and Further Information Atkinson, Paul. Man in a Briefcase: The Social Construction of the Laptop Computer and the Emergence of a Type Form. Journal of Design History 18.2 (2005): 191–205.Christensen, Clayton M. The Rigid Disk Drive Industry: A History of Commercial and Technological Turbulence. Business History Review 67.4 (1993):531–588.Leiner, Barry M. et al. The Past and Future History of the Internet. Communications of the ACM 40.2 (1997): 103–108.

Business For New Heights With The Correct Business Loan Essay

Take your business to new heights with the correct business loan Entrepreneurs and business owners know that a business runs on working capital. Capital required to take your business to the next level is available through a business loan. As a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) owner in India, you can take advantage of various options through th different types of the business loans in India targeted specifically to your particular industry and type of business. Whether your goal is to increase working capital or expand your business or start an export division or you would like to upgrade your machinery and equipment, introduce a new division or product line, or build a new factory - help is at hand with a robust business loan to fund your venture with the following types of business loans: Types of Business Loans in India: SBA Business Loan: The SBA loan is a loan offered by banks or other lenders who have been guaranteed by the SBA (Small Business Association). The lenders are usually in the private sector and help finance small businesses. The SBA does not have the funds to finance long term businesses, thus it works with these lenders to help give fixed rate financing for lands and buildings and other equipment that may be required. Working Capital Loans: Working Capital Loans are usually loans taken in order to finance activities that are categorized as daily activities in order to keep the business running. These loans are of two types,Show MoreRelatedQuestions On Business Environment Risk1353 Words   |  6 Pagesproper staff performance guidelines in the company 4. Negative organisational culture 5. Ignore the external business environment and cannot identify business opportunities This report will focus on all the above identified risk issues and find the solutions to correct them. The scope will include: 1. Cash management risk 2. Legislation compliance risk 3. Staff performance risk 4. Business environment risk 5. Work environment culture risk Identify and describe the critical success factors, goals orRead MoreCharles and Keith Analysis1729 Words   |  7 PagesSingapore that made it worldwide. It is known for its women’s footwear as well as accessories such as handbags and wallets. Established in 1996 by Charles and Keith Wong, it started as a small and simple shoe store at Amara Hotel arcade in the Central Business District. (APPENDIX C) The brand soon became very popular within the next 2 years and seeing the potential for further expansion, Charles Keith expended into the South East Asian market due to the similar climate and culture. A few years laterRead MoreA Solution To the Foreclosure Crisis Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesThe foreclosure crisis has reached new heights since the all-time high deficit in the economy. U.S. foreclosure rates went up more than 81% and 861,664 families lost their homes to foreclosure in 2008 (Les Christie). Also, 54 households received a foreclosure notice last year (Les Ch ristie). So what is the solution? Bold action is needed to address this serious issue. I suggest a â€Å"real estate pause† for a temporary amount of time, similar to what Roosevelt did with the â€Å"bank holiday†Read MoreCharles and Keith Analysis1729 Words   |  7 PagesSingapore that made it worldwide. It is known for its women’s footwear as well as accessories such as handbags and wallets. Established in 1996 by Charles and Keith Wong, it started as a small and simple shoe store at Amara Hotel arcade in the Central Business District. (APPENDIX C) The brand soon became very popular within the next 2 years and seeing the potential for further expansion, Charles Keith expended into the South East Asian market due to the similar climate and culture. A few years laterRead MoreHsc General Math Textbook with Answers153542 Words   |  615 PagesG K Powers CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sà £o Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia www.cambridge.edu.au Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521138345  © The Powers Family Trust 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of anyRead MoreHeron Tower Procurement4775 Words   |  20 PagesProcurement, by definition, is a collaboration of merging activities which ultimately lead to something or a service being acquired. (City of London, What is Procurement [online], available from http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Business/Tenders_and_contracts/what_procurement.htm [Accessed 12/1/2011]. In construction terms this refers to the systematic approach, or route in which an idea or thought can break into reality and be built. It is best lo oked at as a complex strategy toRead MoreCurrent Legal Impacting Business Management Essay examples1759 Words   |  8 Pages Over the last few decades matters in the business world have changed dramatically. Companies are facing a wide range of challenges as they strive to discover ways to succeed and stay competitive within the marketplace. In order to do so, it’s crucial to have most experienced, well educated, and compassionate management team to run the business. By achieving this standard, matters of the company will be kept running effortlessly and proficiently, while keeping both management and personnel allRead More Crisis Management: Why Businesses Should Have an Active Crisis Plan1762 Words   |  8 PagesManagement Crisis communication is one of the most important and neglected components of organizational communication in todays business world. It is vital that every corporation have contingency plans for emergency situations, both natural and man-made. Studies show that eighty percent of organizations confronted with a major disaster runs out of business within two years.(Hickman Crandall 1997) Nevertheless, we also know that almost forty percent of all Fortune 1000 companies have anRead MoreCommercial Bank of Africa Case Study Mgt 5014433 Words   |  18 PagesCommunication Technology (ICT) since it is an integral part of the banking institutions. ICT is considered a major focus as a strategic key in the attainment of the comparative advantage. Other factors affecting the banks are the business strategic leadership in order to define business policy formulation and the implementation boundaries. Like in any other country the banking environment is punctuated by government regula tions (with specific reference to CBK), political interventions, the ever-changingRead MoreEssay about Accountant Responsibility2423 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Paper – Accountant Responsibility Introduction Accounting by definition is â€Å"The bookkeeping methods involved in making a financial record of business transactions and in the preparation of statements concerning the assets, liabilities, and operating results of a business† (The American Heritage). An accountant’s responsibility is not something that is equally split or separated by category. It is not something that can be defined easily or without a lot of research and thought. An accountant

Human Resource Management for Job Enrichment - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Job Enrichment. Answer: Job enrichment is simply a management technique to get people to work harder for the same pay. Job enrichment is a medium to motivate employees of the organization by assigning them extra responsibility normally reserved for upper level employees. It encourages the enthusiasm of the employee and they feel importance to the company. Job enrichment is the technique of job which helps in job enlargement. It is considered as an attempt to motivate the employees by giving them a chance to utilize their abilities in an effective manner. Job enrichment is an idea was promoted by American psychologist Frederick Hertzberg in the 1950s. It is the way enhance contrasted job enlargement to increase the amount of tasks without changing the challenge. It has been described as vertical loading of a job on the other hand job enlargement is considered as horizontal loading (Fried, Laurence, Shirom, Melamed, Toker, Berliner Shapira, 2013). Job enrichment is the way to encourage employees by provide them number of responsibility and variety in their task it will enhance their productivity appro priately. It has been analyzed that many employers believe that money is the only element to motivate the employees to enlarge the job. While that thinking was true only for a small group of people. Job enrichments are the procedure which helps employees to have more control in their planning and accomplish the task within time frame. It encourages employees to perform in an efficient way to attain a natural desire and make them feel that they are the part of the company team. It is rightly said that the job enrichment is a simply management technique to get people to work harder for the same pay. It has been stated by Parker, (2014), it is a technique which enhances the decision making authority of the employees. It enlarges the job by providing the challenging task to the employees so that they can prove themselves in an efficient way and make able to increase their confidence. Job enrichment is the management technique which helps not to only motivate the employees but also helps the organization to attain the selected goals within time frame by utilizing the employees in an efficient manner. According to Herzberg, an enriched job has characteristics such as direct feedback, client relationship, new learning, unique experience, control over resources, direct communication authority, personal accountability and scheduling own work (Smith Shields, 2013). Due to enriched job employees of the organization can get direct feedback of their performance and th ey should be able to get immediate information of the outcome they are attaining. In the characteristic of client relationship, employee can serve effective services to client directly and maintain the health client relationship. An enriched job is able to provide the more learning ton the employees. Job enrichment is the technique which allows employee to schedule own work. Deciding when to tackle which task is the instance of self scheduling. An enriched job has the unique feature in comparison of another job. The most effective characteristic of job enrichment is that employees have own control on their costs, expenses and task. Employee of the organization is able to communicate directly to them who use their output. Personal accountability exists in the job enrichment which allows employer to blame on their poor work and appraise on their good work. By providing the freedom to their employees in their work, methods, pace and sequence and increase the responsibility of the emplo yees, employer can enrich the job. Job enrichment is the very useful techniques in an organization. the advantages of job enrichment within an organizations are enhanced the interest in job of employees, reduce the rate of absenteeism and turnover, provide opportunities to growth in self realization, task enforcement, job satisfaction, enhance the qualitative and quantitative improvement and creative job (Duffield, Baldwin, Roche Wise, 2014). These are the advantageous factor of job enrichment. It has been found in many places that the employees of the organization gets fed up with their routine boring job, job enrichments is the procedure which remove their frustration of boring job with the help of job enrichment (Danford, 2013). It facilitates to reduce the turnover and absenteeism of the employee in the organization. It is a technique of enhancing the growth of employees in the term of self realization and provides so many opportunities to promote within an organization. The task of an individual is become easy w ith the help of job enrichment and the capabilities of employees are enhanced. Job satisfaction is essential point for remaining in the organization for a long time and job enrichment is able to provide the job satisfaction of the employees by motivation and providing various opportunities (Tang, Siu Cheung, 2014). It has been analyzed that enriched job improve the qualitative as well as quantitative improvement of the employees. Lazaroiu argued (2015); Employees tend to more effective and creative when they work in a context of enriching of complex and challenging job. It reduces the repetitive task of the employees and redesigns the job. Highly relation is the concept of job rotation which moves ahead by swapping huge rolls not in additional tasks. For instance, internships and graduates schemes are offered by Qantas. These graduates schemes help employees to rotate by various roles and departments according to experience in the business. It is affordable to except that this schemes can be enhanced to other staff within administrative functions where equal skills might be need in various roles. It has been analyzed that job enlargement is fundamentally similar with job enrichment that expands the job of a role in horizontal directions. Higher level of skills is required to expand the role of a job. Job enrichment is being used in the organization to gauge the employees and provide the opportunities to them of promotion. An example of this statement would be providing staff part time or bounded supervisory system or giving them projects of leadership (Oldham Fried, 2016). Taking on bigger task is the example of job enrichment. If someone is owner of the newsletter publishing company, he can enrich his assistant editors task by providing an opportunity to go from 500 words article to 1000 words article features. While they are accustomed with the editing practices and standards of the company, the duties and responsibility of the editing practices of editing articles which is more significant might enhance the richness of their positions. The most effective example of job enrichment can be the job of graph designer. For instance, graphic designers work at the company of publishing and advertising agencies along with design firms. It is the responsibility of them to create the marketing materials with the feature of well designed that should be able to attract the attention of customers. They are more efficient to create everything from logos to brochures as well as advertisements of web banner. Graphic designers are those professional who are more clos ely with print buyers. It will be possible for the employer of the company of graphic designer to enrich the job of him from graphic designer in to a printing position in the form of job rotation (Cummings Worley, 2014). Graphic designer can enhance his ability to find out that what design will look like when they reach to print buyers, they will get experience of new designs in papers and the combination of correct colors. Job enrichment is the management technique to get people to work harder in the same pay. Employer of the organization can get benefited with the help of job enrichment because it involves greater variety with higher knowledge and skills which is considered more important in the comparison of paid skills. There are number of theories which are being used in the organization to motivate the employees. These theories of motivation can be X and Y theory, Maslows hierarchy theory, Hertzbergs two factor theory and expectancy theory (Band, Shah, Sriram Appliances, 2016). Each theory has pros and cons. As a result, some critics have suggested that job enrichment is essential for the management because it enhance the productivity of an employee by providing them different challenges. The manager of the organization who believes in job enrichment is more proactive from a manipulation. Manager connected the task to basic motivational needs of human by participative management, job enlargement, job rotation and apply various programs that merged at least half from the work of McGregors theory, in such case the measurement of an employer was on the productivity of the employees in the comparison of measurements of employee well being. It has been criticized that one of the part that is Y theory of motivational theory is condescending scheme which enhance the productivity of the employee and unless employees share in the benefits of the economic for the purpose of increasing the productivity. They have been generally duped in the harder working for the same pay. References Band, G., Shah, N. V., Sriram, R., Appliances, E. (2016). Herzberg Two Factor Theory among the Management Faculty in Nagpur City. InInternational Conference on Management and Information Systems September(Vol. 23, p. 24). Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Danford, A. (2013).Japanese management techniques and British workers. Routledge. Duffield, C., Baldwin, R., Roche, M., Wise, S. (2014). Job enrichment: creating meaningful career development opportunities for nurses.Journal of nursing management,22(6), 697-706. Fried, Y., Laurence, G. A., Shirom, A., Melamed, S., Toker, S., Berliner, S., Shapira, I. (2013). The relationship between job enrichment and abdominal obesity: A longitudinal field study of apparently healthy individuals.Journal of occupational health psychology,18(4), 458. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior.Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice,7(2), 66. Oldham, G. R., Fried, Y. (2016). Job design research and theory: Past, present and future.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,136, 20-35. Parker, S. K. (2014). Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, 661-691. Pierce, J. R., Aguinis, H. (2013). The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management.Journal of Management,39(2), 313-338. Smith, D. B., Shields, J. (2013). Factors related to social service workers' job satisfaction: Revisiting Herzberg's motivation to work.Administration in Social Work,37(2), 189-198. Tang, S. W., Siu, O. L., Cheung, F. (2014). A study of workfamily enrichment among Chinese employees: The mediating role between work support and job satisfaction.Applied Psychology,63(1), 130-150.

Leonardo Da Vincis Notebooks free essay sample

Authors possible purposes (including publication). Looking at its contents, missing parts, order and secretive handwriting. Leonardo had several purposes in writing the manuscripts that are known as his notebooks. It would be difficult to make a complete list of every subject that he addressed in them, but the briefest list shows his reasons for writing. The pages include plans for books to be written, notes on Latin (which he did not study until he was over 40), notes on anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany and optics, lists of his own notebooks, speculations on proportion, observations of natural phenomenon, numerous speculations about the movement of water, long passages from books he had read, lists of words he had learned, mathematics he was learning, designs for machines and weapons, calculations of various kinds, reminders of questions he wanted to ask, ideas about painting, jokes and riddles he had been told, and sketches related to almost all these subjects. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Da Vincis Notebooks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clearly the..

BB King Essays - Lead Guitarists, B.B. King, Blues, Albert King

BB King B.B. King was a blues singer and guitarist. His full name is Riley B. King. He was born September 16, 1925, near Indianola, Mississippi. An important aspect in King's life was, of course, when he was first exposed to the blues. 'I guess the earliest sound of the blues that I can rremember was in the fields while people would be pickin' cotton or choppin' or somethin,' " he told Living Blues . " When I sing and play now I can hear those same sounds that I used to hear then as a kid." B.B. King's first musical influence came through religion. He was a member of the Church of God In Christ. He was forbidden to play blues at home. He sang in spiritual groups like the Elkhorn Singers and the Saint John's Gospel Singers. A relative who was a guitarist and a preacher showed King his first chords on the instrument. As a teenager he began playing streetcorners for coins, combining gospel songs with the blues. When he started making more money playing in one night then he would in a week on the farm, he decided to head to Memphis. After a few years, King went back to Indianola to work and repay some debts, eventually returning to Memphis to stay. King's trademark is the trilling vibrato he developed in an attempt to duplicate the stinging sound of the steel slide. With the help of the late Sonny Boy William- son he began singing radio commercials and became a disc jockey. Later he played in small clubs, and then in larger venues in the mid-1960's. He has toured extensivel y through- out the United States and around the world, appearing in concerts, at blues festivals, on television, and in films. How did Riley B. King receive the nickname B.B. King? Well, he was known as " the blues boy from Beale Street," later shortened to B.B. "Riley B. King is the world's preeminent blues guitarist. There is hardly a rock, pop, or blues player anywhere who doesn't owe him something." Frank Sinatra and Nat Cole are two who use the "B.B. King style of blues." Finally, I leave you with a quote. In a Rolling Stone interview King stated; " I was always afraid to say that I was a blues singer. Because it looked like people kind of looked down on you a lot of times when you mention the word blues. But I thank God today I can stick out my chest and say, yeah, I'm a blues singer !"

Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership

Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership During the old gone days, it was an abomination to belong in homosexual groups, people with disability were rejected, women and older individuals were undermined. In the world of today, it is seen that the minority groups such as the gay, lesbian, older individual, women and individual with disability are on the rise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All over the world these groups have started to be recognized as a result of increased lobbying by human rights organizations. Therefore, this paper seeks to define a cultural group and highlight factors which make the groups of homosexuality, women, older individual and individuals with disability to constitute a cultural group. According to Feldman (1984), a cultural group is a group of people with similar cultural experiences and share common characteristics. These common charact eristics may include religious inclination, ethnic background and commonality as defined by the physical appearance of the group members. It also includes a similarity in the sociological characteristics of the group. Given the above as our working definition, it is clear that sociological factors assist in defining a cultural group. This automatically makes the gays, and lesbians cultural group. Gays are male individuals who practise sex activity amongst themselves while the lesbians are female individual who practise sex activity amongst fellow women. It is therefore worthy to note that these groups are defined with a commonality of practicing homosexual activity. Socially, it is believed that marriage happens between different genders. However, this minority finds same gender sexual relationship satisfying. Therefore, the common factor within this group is the ability to find sex between people of similar gender satisfying. This is a sociological commonality. As a result, they al l belong to a cultural group since they share a similar cultural experience (Feldman, 1984). Another outstanding characteristic of a cultural group is physical commonality. Disability impedes with normal functioning of the body. It leads to difficulties in performing common and simple day to day tasks without special assistance. This makes individuals with disability to have a common cultural experience characterized by incapacitation.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Incapacitation means the body of a person does not function properly and require some help in order to perform daily routine. There are different levels of incapacitation like blindness, deafness, cripple, mental handicap to name but a few that make individual to have a common physical characteristic hence leading them to belong to a cultural group (Megargee, 1969). Apart from physical disabilities, old age can also be classified as a characteristic that can make one belong to a cultural group of the aged. These are people who have lived long and had some of their body organs fail to function normally. Similarly, they also have a common physical appearance in addition to some common incapacitation. Furthermore, the way aged people behave draws a common line between them making them sociologically bound by a common behavior. Finally, aged people tend to have grown under similar culture and events making them similar in their way of life (Megargee, 1969). Finally, physical commonality and sociological commonality make women a distinct cultural group. Physically, women have similar characteristics. They are also believed to be weak as compared to men. Their social positions in certain communities tend to make them distinguished from the rest of the population. This makes them a cultural group defined by commonality in physical appearance and sociological characteristics. In conclusion, t he factors discussed above (homosexuality, incapacitation and age) are some of the factors that lead to a similar commonality. However there are other factors which have not been highlighted in the paper. It is therefore prudent to argue that the mentioned groups are well distinguished cultural groups. This is important because it gives policy makers ability to formulate appropriate policies to better lives of the people. Reference List Feldman, D.C. (1984). The development and enforcement of group norms,  Academy of Management Review, 9, 47-53. Megargee, E. (1969). Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership.  Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 377-382.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of sex roles on the manifestation of leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Consumer affected by marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer affected by marketing - Assignment Example Moreover, several studies have shown that technology plays a vital role in making a company cost effective as well as meeting the growing demand of consumers. Nowadays, technology is vastly used in marketing campaigns of companies and deeply impacts the consumers as well. With the emergence and development of internet, marketers started to use it as a platform of promoting their products and services. Regarding, this context social media has been a key tool for the business houses. In the last few decades, there has been a surge in the implementation of e-commerce applications and few researchers deem that the cause of increased usage of e-commerce is the ongoing trends. This study aims to analyze the impact of social media marketing on the purchase behavior of the consumers. The study will mainly rely on the secondary sources of information and will also consider the previous research papers about the subject of concern. Lastly, on the basis of the findings from the analysis, the st udy will recommend few techniques to the companies regarding how they can improve their social media marketing campaign. Discussion and Analysis Consumer Buying Process The consumer buying process is described through 5 different stages namely problem recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase decision and lastly post purchase behavior. (Source: Kotler and Keller 15-25) Among the aforementioned stages, the role of marketers is crucial during the information search and evaluation phase. In these two stages, consumers generally go through a series of assessments so as to ultimately reach a decision. Kotler and Keller (15-25) in this regards have accentuated that during the evaluation phase, a consumer forms preferences among the brands. The preference of a brand is as a result of the evaluation of the information. A consumer generally starts with exploration of different products and therefore a product with high visibility gets more inclination. According to Kotler and Kel ler (17-26) a consumer is undoubtedly influenced by the â€Å"infomediaries† often regarded as the intermediaries, who publishes the evaluation of products through tabular comparison. For example, studies have shown that reviews on the websites such as blogs, tweets, bulletin boards etc., highly influence the consumer purchase decision. Once the assessments of the alternative choices are made, consumers try to formulate a belief about the alternatives that guides their intention, attitude and finally their selection among the alternatives. (Source: Weber 2- 18) There are certain other factors as well affecting the consumer buying decision, yet attitude about the products and services are dubbed as the powerful predictors of the patterns and processes of the exposure to information. In addition, attitude which is learned through trails and past experience comprises of three elements namely conative, cognitive and affective. Therefore, from an overall point of view it can be sa ted that consumer buying process consists of several steps and a number of factors affects their decision making process. The next section of the study will try to analyze the extent to which social media, a recent buzz for the marketers influences the decision making process of consumers. Social Media Marketing The usage of social media has been increasing at a robust rate. For the marketing professionals, social media generally acts as a tool that is potentially used to create and increase awareness of

George Frideric Handel Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

George Frideric Handel - Term Paper Example The boy who would later become a renowned musician was born on 23rd February 1685 (Schoelcher 2). He exhibited ardent interest in music from an early age, although his father objected to his determination to pursue music. Handel’s father conformed to the societal opinion during that time. The people of the 17th and 18th century viewed music as a hobby undeserving of been considering a career. People who exhibited too much passion in hobbies earned a negative reputation in the society. The majority of people sought to have a high profile career, explaining why Handel’s father wanted his son to pursue law, which had a higher societal regard. However, despite this resistance from his father, he strived to learn the organ and the clavichord. His mother helped him in discretion, offering him the clavichord. He learned these organs on his own and made good progress. On one occasion, a duke recognized that he had a talent in music after hearing him playing the organ, and took the initiative of pleading his father. The duke’s efforts bore fruit and Handel’s father allowed him to register for music classes. Handel encountered Zacchau as his first music teacher at the Lutheran church in his hometown when he was eight years old. Through the instruction of Zacchau, he registered fast progress in his musical career, such that at 11, he was excelling in playing the harpsichord, violin, and the organ. Moreover, he gained exemplary skills in composition, harmony, and the counterpoint. At this point, Handel’s father exhibited the conviction that his son had acquired sufficient skills in music, and wanted to bring the music classes to a halt. However, when he got home, his father died a factor that compelled him to pursue the wishes of his father and spend the years that followed studying in order to fulfill his father’s wishes. During this time, he also embarked on enhancing his music knowledge by working with the church by playing the organ and cantatas writing. On attaining the age of 18, he decided to pursue music as his career, with an ardent determination to advance his musical skills. After making that decision in his life, he relocated to Hamburg in Germany (Rockstro 65). Handel’s Musical Career When Handel moved to Hamburg, he had made his determination to nurture his talent, and impact the music industry in a diverse way. Hamburg had earned a name as a renowned center in opera music (Mainwaring 44). This attribute attracted the talented Handel to Hamburg. On arrival, he landed a job in an opera house that was very popular in the city to take the role of playing the violin. Handel proved aggressive by seizing every opportunity to exhibit his talent in the playing other instruments such as the harpsichord. For example, he seized the opportunity presented by the absence of a musician to exhibit his talent in playing the harpsichord. Moreover, he established an acquaintance with Johann Mattheson who wa s four years older. Johann Mattheson demonstrated exemplary talent in composition, singing, and defining music theories. Apparently, Handel was hot-tempered, and he was involved in an ugly argument with Mattheson concerning of the operas by Mattheson (Parker 66). That argument compromised their working relationship, and the two no longer worked together. After spending some time in Hamburg, he gained popularity that appealed the prince of Italy, who invited him to Italy. He

What has gone wrong with Williams teams efforts and what should be Case Study

What has gone wrong with Williams teams efforts and what should be done to ensure a successful outcome for the team - Case Study Example The group dynamic theory highlights on the social and psychological problems that come up in workplaces. Members of the team have differences in their opinions on the way forward. Tom is one of the longest serving employees in the organization and has earned more respect from William. Other members of the team include Bryce, Casey, and Jenny. â€Å"They do not feel loyalty for the organizations they work for† (Barr and Gassenheimer 2005, p.82) The major setback among the team leaders is that they lack a common understanding. â€Å"Designing team assignments and creating environments that support and enhance these skills are critical for learning," (Barr and Gassenheimer, 2005, p. 82) Tom makes most of the decisions hence denying other members of the chance to express their views. According to the group dynamic theory, all team members should be offered an equal opportunity to present their ideas. On the contrary, Tom is seen to make most of the contributions whereas he is not the group leader. Another problem is the lack of interest. Bryce’s objective is to see the work done. He does not care where the ideas on the new renovations will be put in place. Jenny, on the other hand, has also been issued with another project that has led to her change in focus. The group dynamic theory has stipulated various solutions to group problems. Firstly, the levels of personal and teamwork communications should be advanced. â€Å"All communication within groups is between individuals and is, therefore, interpersonal communication† (David and Frank 2000, p.145). Relay of information among the group members will help them improve their skills. All employees should contribute opinions while the group leaders should make rational decisions. â€Å"The group predominates over the individuals and members are expected to accommodate to the demands of the group† (Hill, James, Danny, & Mark, 2007, p.71). Tom’s hard work has made the other team members to look

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines is current leader among many airline carriers in todays highly competitive transportation industry. In order to maintain such a strong hold on the airline industry, Southwest Airlines utilizes an intense and highly systematic set of marketing strategies. Most of their strategies are centered on offering its consumers low-cost tickets and free baggage checks to fly most anywhere in the United States. Customers can be rest assured that Southwest Airlines will continue to do whatever it can to provide low-cost services. Some of the key issues that will be discussed will include Southwests free baggage policy, its marketing mix strategies, its segmentation principles, as well as a SWOT analysis. Marketing is a vital part of any business and is an integral component of selling any product or service. Whether the business is a small mom and pop operation or a world industry leader, marketing is a part of the business. Southwest Airlines makes total use out of its best resources and abilities to build on its key marketing practices. According to research by Chan, one of Southwests main strategies is that it strives to treat its employees fairly and engages in profit sharing so that their employees collectively own about 10% of the company. Southwest Airlines has a high employee retention rate of at least 92.3% and maintains an enthusiastic work force. Southwests operational strategy is based on six pillars, namely limited passenger service, frequent, reliable departures, short-haul, point-to-point routes between mid-sized cities and secondary airports, very low ticket prices, lean, heavily productive ground and gate crews, and high aircraft utilization. Some of these key factor s, as well as attention to excellence in management competence have launched this company to great success. Because there are many ways to fulfill the needs of the customer, a straight-forward approach is to consider the four Ps of the marketing mix. This paper will examine the marketing mix and give examples of the marketing mix as it pertains to Southwest Airlines. The four elements of the marketing mix are product, place, promotion and price. As in the Product category, segmentation has defined some of the price points. Price (the amount a customer pays) is determined by market share, competition, operational costs, brand or product identity and the customers perceived value of the product. Pricing may increase or decrease with frequency and pricing strategies must be planned and worked daily. The global recession of the last two years has clouded some of the traditional differences, as some resort and upscale brands have discounted heavily to the point where the lower priced properties cannot effectively compete. Hotels should have learned the lessons of the airlines and not just compete based on being the lowest cost. The anger of flyers today for being charged extra for almost everything has opened the way for certain carriers to expand and others to enter what were previously lucrative and exclusive markets. The associates of each of those airlines have major differences as well in how and what to communicate to their travelers. Cash flow is an obvious critical factor and reasonable discounts on a logical basis are often good business practices. Southwest Airlines in the US has been consistently one of the most profitable carriers in the past 20 years and, at times, is the lowest fare provider. A non-technical look at their pricing strategies from only a consumers view will show how they track, demand, and adjust prices accordingly, even in the economic downturn. They are not always the lowest fare in a given market on a given day, but their overall satisfaction ratings demonstrate their ongoing and continued success. Consumers will always remain sensitive for fair prices, discount options and special offers, but competing on price as the major component for success is not viable or logical for long-term . As a Promotion category, southwest is one of many airlines that are increasingly interested in finding more contemporary avenues for advertising. Although, they are still lagging behind other airlines, they are discovering the importance of social media in promotion. Social media sites like twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Flickr and even blogging allows Southwest the ability to get the online community to learn more about its low-costs prices and services. As a place category, Southwest Airlines is the fourth largest airline in the US. It flies 64 million passengers per year to 64 cities in 34 states. Southwest Airlines operates a fleet of 388 aircraft of the Boeing 737 type, ranging from the 737-200 to the Next Generation 737-700. Although Southwest Airlines is mainly a point-to-point carrier, there is an increasing amount of transfer traffic on their routes. Major hubs in SWAs network include Las Vegas (185 daily departures), Phoenix (183), and Baltimore/Washington (161). In 2009, Southwest partnered with Coastal Vision 3000, a Northwest Florida business group, in an attempt to position Northwest Florida as one of Americas premier beach destinations. This partnership is working hard to stimulate job growth, economic progress, and provide travelers more options for flying into areas with popular beach destinations. Southwest Airlines, along with Jet Blue, Frontier, and Airtran, are currently leading in low-cost air fare pricing and are continuing to profit while other airlines such as United, US Airways and Delta are suffering economic setbacks (Chan, 2007). Based on this research, Southwest Airlines has not been forced to decrease their flights or lay off many employees even with the ramifications of the events of September 11th on many airline industries. The airline successfully maintained a $2 billion cash reserve prior to September 11th and continues to strive and survive during difficult economic times. Part of its enduring success is associated with effective marketing strategies as well as long-term overall strategies. According to further research by Chan, Southwests primary focus is the creation of a tailored set of best-fit activities. It still carries on much of it philosophies from 30 years ago by offering low cost without the fancy gimmicks offered by other airlines. Southwest has never participated in an in flight meal service or assigned seats and still maintains those same practices in order to keep costs low. Also, according to Chan, Southwest has something known as a linear route structure. The airline uses this method to fly only one specific kind of airplane so that it can stay in high-density markets only. This strategy benefits the airline by allowing it to maintain a strong competitive advantage and high profits. Controversy Over Carry-on Baggage Within the last several years, the discussion of legislation regarding industry-wide standardization on limitations for carry-on baggage has been widely debated throughout the US airline industry. While a number of airline industry-based groups have advocated standardization on the number, size, and weight of bags that would be allowed onto an aircraft, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has yet to take any serious action to this point. As a result, the debate over carry-on baggage restrictions still exists and causes unnecessary confusion and difficulty for both the airlines themselves as well as their passengers. As the number of airline passengers has increased in recent years, the number of passengers electing to bring their luggage on board a plane instead of checking their bags has also increased. Some passengers feel that checking their bags will lead to loss, damage, or theft. Others find waiting in check-in lines too time-consuming and opt to check-in at their gate. As a result overhead bins and storage compartments on flights are often overcrowded. These overcrowded bins lead to approximately 4,500 injuries annually in the United States according to Air Safety Week, an industry newsletter. These injuries result from baggage that falls on passengers when bins are opened after arrival or when bins accidentally opening during rough transit. Southwest holds the notable status of being the only country-wide carrier to not charge passengers for second checked bags. Over the past few months, all the Legacy Airlines and most of the low-cost carriers have added a charge for second bags, and American Airlines made an announcement on May 21, 2008 concerning a $15 fee for a first checked baggage, this created a huge uproar. Southwest chief executive Gary Kelly stated that, Its not what customers want, nobody wants to be nickeled and dimed. Other airlines jumped on similar bandwagons by imposing a $25-each-way fee for the second bag checked. (Maxon, 2008) Research by Maxon also noted that Southwest is imposing some fees, on January 29, 2008 is began initiating a $25 fee each way for the second bag checked. According to this research other airlines are also charging for transporting pets, travel by unaccompanied minors, shipping checked items such as antlers and ski gear or getting better seats. Theres no telling how long Southwest will stick with its passenger-friendly fee policy, but during this tough economy, Southwest managed to be the only profitable airline in the first quarter of 2008 and recently ranked as the top U.S. airline in a major customer satisfaction survey. What does it take to succeed in a business as troubled as the airline business? It takes a unique strategic point of view, a long-term commitment to that strategy, and a personality in the marketplace that customers find interesting, engaging, and compelling. That is why Southwest Airlines continues to fly high relative to the competition. In 2009, it was the only major carrier to turn a profit. In 37 years of operation, it has never lost money. Today, it is in the remarkable position of charging some of the lowest fares, paying relatively high wages (unlike its rivals, it has never used bankruptcy court to redo union contracts), and generating the best returns. Unusual, to be sure, but thats what happens when you combine a unique strategy with an engaged and upbeat workforceand you always look for customer-oriented ways to differentiate yourself. Last year, as the other big carriers generated $2 billion in checked-baggage fees, Southwest not only refused to charge for checked bags, but unveiled a hilarious ad campaign to tweak its rivals for doing so. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Most of Southwests strengths are the same reasons why the airline has captured a comparative advantage in the airline industry. Southwest has been able to maintain a low cost approach to flights that has appealed to the budget minded consumer. It is the first airline to â€Å"offer reasonably priced travel packages with low frills and excellent customer service.† (Broughton, 2010) One strategy that Southwest uses to keep their costs low is to purchase only Boeing airplanes. This approach reduces repair costs and provides bulk discounts on purchases. Southwest has made itself very attractive to consumers by offering many customer oriented programs. It is the first airline that offered discounts on flights to senior citizens. In addition, it made the check-in process more efficient by initiating ticketless travel. With the â€Å"no seat assignment† policy, the process of boarding flights is not only time effective but also more cost effective then their competi tors. Southwest Airlines is also the only airline that offers credit on frequent flyer miles based on the number of trips taken with the airline instead of miles traveled. Another customer oriented program that Southwest has adopted is the â€Å"Bags Fly Free Campaign† and a new early bird check-in program that they are hopeful will have a revenue potential generating approximately $18 million dollars. â€Å"The carrier also generated approximately $10 million in revenues from its new pet fare, unaccompanied minor service charges, and excess/heavy baggage fees.† (Gittel, 2009) With more than 3,200 daily flights and 35,000 employees nationwide, Southwest Weaknesses: Although Southwest Airlines has consistently turned a profit that does not mean that they are exempt from weaknesses. Weaknesses refer to the organizational impediments that Southwest must consider when making operational decisions. Southwest does not offer international flights. This decision limits Southwest flight locations to within the continental United States. This weakness over time may become a barrier to increasing sales, as it is shutting out consumers that need to fly internationally. Southwests inability to utilize online booking agents is another weakness that the airline should reconsider. Companies such as Priceline.com and Expedia.com would be able to increase the airlines ticket sales and thus be better able to meet their load capacity. Load capacity is a serious concern to Southwest Airlines, as it represents the total number of passengers required to meet their breakeven point. Southwest Airlines does not use chat communications such as email in its op erations. Electronic forms of communication would provide the airline with a more direct and quicker way to interact with employees and customers. Opportunities: Southwest Airlines has many opportunities which will help them to grow and stay productive. In the past, new technology developments have been one of the many driving forces which enabled growth for Southwest. Applying new technology to make the travel experience more enticing is an opportunity that Southwest continues to pursue. Research and development to advance procedures and services within the industry would help the airline maintain its competitive edge by allowing the airline to introduce new products or services. Southwest should also focus on increasing their ability to advertise on the internet in order to reach a broader range of consumers. Currently, Southwest is planning on extending flights to further destinations. A long term consideration for Southwest Airlines is to expand their flights internationally and to other national markets. The airline is also planning to increase the frequency of 65 flights while decreasing the frequency of 10 flights for a total net gain of 52. In addition, they are considering expanding services to include leisure or business classes. Finally, Southwest has initiated a labor reduction by â€Å"launching a voluntary early-out program to better align staffing with the carriers capacity levels. The company expects annual savings in subsequent years from the program to exceed the cost of the program† (Unknown, 2010) and with these savings Southwest can invest in other opportunities to maintain its success. Threats: The threats that Southwest Airlines are faced with are situations, events or conditions that are faced by all airlines within the entire airline industry. One of the biggest threats that Southwest has had to face since 9/11 is the decline in the number of travelers for leisure. Many travelers since the terrorist attacks of 9/11 have opted to travel by car instead of flying out of fear. Since 9/11 there have been numerous terrorist attempts on airplanes. The most recent one was Christmas day 2009. In order for Southwest to continue to grow and survive in the airline market they must continue to communicate to their customers their dedication to the security of their passengers. In addition, Southwest must stand by their commitment by increasing airport security, which has and will continue to increase their costs on an annual basis. Another threat that the airline industry must contend with is the governments ability to create and execute new regulations that will affect airlines such as Southwest. Many of these regulations can increase operating costs. One such regulation includes restrictions on the types of aircraft used and limits on the number of operations. The biggest threat to the airline industry is the fluctuation in gas and oil prices. Southwest has managed to establish fuel hedging contracts in the past which has given them the advantage over their competitors. However, these contracts are expiring and if Southwest cannot successfully renegotiate these contracts, they run the risk of subjecting themselves to higher fuel costs. This could have a negative impact on not only their future customer fares but also their profits as well. To date, they have revised their fuel hedge portfolio to include derivative contracts in place for approximately 50% of their estimated 2010 fuel consumption. This revision has lowered their first quarter 2010 expected hedging premium costs by $30 million, which is $15 million lower than the fourth quarter 2009 costs. Market Segmentation Market segmentation is among the most powerful weapons in the marketing arsenal. Joyce Rogge the vice president of marketing for Southwest states that, Our goal is to become the preferred airline in each city that we serve.†. Southwest is consciously focusing on targeting various customer bases. The companys campaign has concentrated on attracting the African American demographic that remains prevalent in as many as 24 of 59 regions that Southwest Airlines serves. (Churchill, 2001) Southwest decided to partner with BETs (Black Entertainment Television) Black College Football Classic Coverage, ESPN, and National Football League games to target the male 25-54 demographic. The airline has used these avenues as well as partnerships with Pizza Hut and Disney as part of their increasing advertising budget to target key demographic markets. With respect to the psychographic category, Southwest is meeting the cost conscious needs of flyers. Airline carriers like Delta, United, and American have battled for higher margins by indulging the price-insensitive business traveler, thereby effectively leaving behind a large number of consumers who hunt for bargains. As competing airlines have continued to increase costs to cater to customers who require plush seats, better wines, and airport lounges, Southwest found the need to appeal to the comparatively undemanding flyer who absolutely had to travel but was not willing to pay the high fees charged by other carriers. Southwest has entered into a variety of intended geographic markets to include openings in Florida, Baltimore, and even Long Island where there is a shuttle service to Boston. In other words, Southwest arrives where customers are, rather than spending time and effort to build traffic. This and other tactics have attributed to 23 years of profits for Southwest. (Haas, 2010) Although, segmentation is a great way to uncover growth markets, current segmentation practices often blind companies to market disruption-the most valuable kind of innovation. CONCLUSION Southwest has long been regarded as a benchmark in its industry for operational excellence. Southwest Airlines is a fine example of a company that is committed to its core competencies and efficient operations to drive its low cost structure, outstanding delivery of customer service, and innovative HR management practices. It has the lowest costs and strongest balance sheet in its industry. This airline might face many challenges in the future such as an increase in labor costs, fuel costs and competition from other low cost carriers. However, it still has the comparative advantage within the airline industry. Southwests competitors will not be able to grow as quickly as Southwest. In order for the competition to grow at a faster rate they would have to operate at a cost equal or lower than Southwest. Southwest Airlines has taken all of the above factors into consideration in an effort to maintain itself as one of the top contenders in an ever changing industry. References: Chan, B. (2007, August). Why is Southwest Airlines one of the Best Low Cost Airlines? Retrieved from http://fishtrain.com/2007/08/21 Maxon, T. (2008, June). New Southwest Airlines ad campaign targets other airline fees. The Dallas Moring News. Retrieved from http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/bus/stories/053108dnbusairnickel.3633d88 Southwest Airlines Announces Service from Northwest Floridas New International Airport Near Panama City Beach, Florida. Southwest News Release. Retrieved from http://www.southwest.com/swamedia/pfnPressRelease.html?int=HOMEWNEW03CTYPFN Churchill, R. (2001, April). Southwest Airlines Powering a Sales Liftoff-Southwest Airlines Co. advertising targets African-Americans-Brief Article-Statistical Data Included. Brandweek. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_14_42/ai_72981547 Gittell, Jody. The Southwest Airlines Way: Using the Power of Relationships to Achieve High Performance. McGraw-Hill Trade. December 19, 2009. Harvey, G., Turnbull, P. (2010). On the Go: walking the high road at a low cost airline. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(2), 230. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global Jackson, W., Jackson, M. (1 July). Southwest Airlines: The Next Fight Begins. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,65-81. Retrieved March 11, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. Russell, Matthew, Southwest Airlines: An Industry Leader, February 2010, http://www.associatedcontent.com. Smooth Landing Research Associates, Southwest Airlines, Cornell Universitys Johnson Graduate School of Management, 1997. Southwest Airlines Press Release, Southwest Airlines Reports Fourth Quarter Profit and 37th Consecutive Year of Profitability, January 2010, http://phx.corporate-

Strategic Analysis of Pepsi :: Business Case Studies

The growing demand for more healthy goods has naturally delayed several sectors of the beverages industry. While consumers have turned to bottled water and juices rather than carbonated drinks in the soft drinks market, consumers concern over alcohol consumption has affected demand in the alcoholic drinks sector. This trend has affected the alcohol sector much more than the soft drinks sector with the exception of wine consumption because it is being proved by scientists that it may reduce the risk of heart disease with a moderate consumption. While there are only few new markets to expand into, the market for soft drinks is globally well exploited. There are few factors that suggest trivial forecast for growth. However, demand continues to grow. Before the end of the current decade, the soft drinks market is expected to surpass the alcoholic beverages market, which constantly has shown lower growth than the beverage industry market in general. While product innovation has stimulated some growth within the industry during the 1990s by introducing new plastic bottles, innovation is slowing within the soft drinks industry recently. Since1997, in terms of market value, the global beverages market grew by 1.7% in 2002 to reach a value of $1,060 billion, and an increase of 16.6% in the global beverages market is predicted by the year 2007 to reach a value of $1,236 billion. In terms of market volume, the global beverages market grew by 3.4% in 2002 to reach a volume of 551 billion liters, and an increase of 20.5% is forecasted by 2007 to reach a volume of 664 billion liters. Even though all sectors of the beverage market are generally dominated by big companies, the soft drinks market is quite different in terms of its competitive position. The soft drinks market is dominated by two global giants: Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Even though innovation and brand extension strategies have played big role in the recent years within the soft drinks sector between major competitors, market leader Coca-Cola is still concentrating its efforts on the traditional carbonated drinks market with respectable success. It is absolutely difficult for new start-up companies to enter the soft drinks market because it requires a huge financial resources as well as logistical infrastructure that need to rely on. The most important asset for all of the top current players continues to be the brand, and this is where Coca Cola really have the edge.

Benefits of intership

The benefit of Inter-agency partnerships Is working refers to when two or more agencies that deal the same Issues for example health Issues where Hospital can work with the GAP. Some agencies could have some information about a person that another doesn't or when a person is at an age where they can be cared for better by one agency, this relationship allows them to be transferred.Be treated by different services can benefit the service users because the service users can be sure that he as been checked by two deferent person and can be treated quickly. This could be a benefit for the service providers as well because the second partnership can get all information about the person without asking the person, they can get all Information about the person from the first partnership. Inter-agency partnerships for Elizabeth This report is based on Inter-agency working together to provide Elizabeth support to deal with her Alchemist's disease.The reason why Inter-agency are working is to h elp Elizabeth and help her family with Alchemist's and to provide support for both of hem. Agencies working together Health Visitor Health visitor for older people is to promote the health and independence of older people living at home with difficulties. Elizabeth would need the support off Health visitor because of her family that doesn't understand her and that they are no longer interested In her well-being. The main role of health visitor Is to provide a supportive health assessment and referral service for old people like Elizabeth.They also work with GAP and health care services. The Health Visiting Service for Older People aims o: Support old people health and well being Help prevent ill health and its consequences Support patients living with long term conditions to facilitate Independence Provide up-to-date Information about help and services available so that patients, their families and careers can make Informed decisions Access health needs and refer to additional servi ces if required Provide careers with advice about the support that is available to them General practice (G.P) G. P are here to work for primary care and are part of a clinical commissioning group which have responsibilities for helping with healthcare from secondary healthcare providers, such as hospital and community and also Alchemist's society. Elizabeth would need the support of a General practice working with the Health visitor. Alchemist's society This is an organization that will work and support people with diseases such Dementia. They are all volunteers who are helping old people with Alchemist's.Elizabeth would need their support and help for her disease. This society will also work with the both General practice and Health visitor to malting Elizabeth health Elizabeth with every aspect and understanding diagnosis and assessment to dealing with the financial challenges that she might be encounter as she no longer lives with her family. Benefits The benefits of inter-agenc y partnerships working together for Elizabeth are that Alchemist's society, the G. P and the health visitor are all working for her.This will benefits her and the all three social and care system because they can get information about Elizabeth without her help. This will also benefit Elizabeth because she can get all the support by three different agencies and get treated quickly. Elizabeth will get all the support and help from different health service this will benefit her. Factor that preventing The main factors that prevent inter-agency collaboration relate to Elizabeth Alchemist's might be communication within and between agencies, professional values and power relationships.Partner agencies in collaborative situations need to be treated as equals. Communication can be one of the factors that could prevent agencies working together, lack of communication, example if the health visitor doesn't give information and doesn't communicate with the two other agencies that loud cause issues for Elizabeth, issues like the agencies can't get enough information and Elizabeth can't get in a good condition situation because agencies will delay the treatment because of one agency.Agencies might have difficulties in sharing information; particularly confidential information as well as cultural and professional differences between agencies can prevent them working together. Other factors that can prevent agencies working together are that if one agency gives only limited information about Elizabeth that can prevent agencies working together as hey won't get enough information about Elizabeth. Another reason which can prevent agencies from working together might be the funding which can cause problems, like lack of money and couldn't help Elizabeth with her needs.If one of the agencies can't co-operate with other agencies because of any reason and this can prevent them working together example if the General practice doesn't feel well and can't come work with the other a gencies. How to overcome and consider them Communication needs to be developed at all levels of operation both within each agency working with Elizabeth. Agencies need to find ways to improve face to face and written communication.Procedures and practices should be integrated between agencies and Elizabeth. Discuss about the health improvement of Elizabeth. Be equal and don't give preferences to one agency than the other. Conclusion Elizabeth had the help of the 3 agencies that worked together to support and help her with Alchemist's. She had all the benefits of the agencies with her and agencies had benefits between because they have worked together for Elizabeth. They have overcome of what had prevented them working together.

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Essay Topic: Girl in Translation Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Uncle Toms Children â€Å"One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments in their history it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa. † (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) Why Ideology of Pakistan is Important: Today the world community comprises of more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on the world map in August 1947, and became the first Islamic ideological state of the modern times. Unlike the non-ideological states, it was not established due to any geographical conflict or territorial domination by a group of people. If the ideology of such a state like Pakistan is dead then its existence can be questioned.Therefore, Pakistan can’t exist if there is no more ideology of Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideological state†¦established in the name of the Islam. But on the 31st of December 1971, this land of ours, lost its east wing. And East Pakistan emerged on the world map as Bangladesh. The then prime minister of India Ms. Indra Gandhi claimed that the birth of Bangladesh is the death of the two-nation theory†¦ If, as said, the ideology of Pakistan came to an end in 1971, then the objective behind the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan would have come to an end too.Purpose of Pakistan The breakup of the country in 1971 raised cynical eyebrows about national identity and gave rise to the theory of sub-nationalities on the basis of race, religion and language. Thus questions are being asked about the very existence of Pakistan. The debate about the motivating force behind the making of Pakistan has been one endless exercise. Was there any need of Pakistan at all? Is this just another Muslim state like many others? Was creation of Pakistan a conspiracy of the British and/or of Muslim League?Was it to retrieve the ancient glory of the Islamic era, or to find a base for the reconstruction of Islamic thought and the resurgence and re-adaptation of its message to our day and age? Was Pakistan created accidentally? Was the sacrific e of thousands of Muslims in 1947 useless? Should Pakistan and India be merged together to form â€Å"Akhand Bharat† to restore peace in the Sub-continent? What is Two Nation Theory? Two-Nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states thatMuslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition; therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam. If Muslims of the sub-continent comprise an Islamic nation then they have the right to have separate homeland as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned and I quote: â€Å"History has presented to us many examples, such as the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, of Czechoslovakia and Poland.History has also shown to us many geographical tracts, much smaller than the sub-continent of India, which otherwise might have been called one country, but which have been divided into as many seven or eight sovereign states. Like-wise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. † The Definition Of Nation The significance and reality of Pakistan has not been fully understood in the west. To the west, nationality based on religion is an alien and often-incomprehensible phenomenon.This is because religion in the West has come to play such a restricted role. In the West, Germans and French are accepted as two separate nations. However, the fact of Hindus and Muslims in India representing two separate cultural entities is seldom appreciated. A young French student may visit a family in Germany, share their meals, may attend the same church and even marry a girl in the family without creating a scandal or surprise. But such instances of intermarriage have been extremely rare in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.Even some of the most ardent Indian Nationalist has found the idea totally unacceptable. As Sir Abdur Rahim o bserved: â€Å"Any of us Indian Muslims traveling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims, Arabs and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary, in India we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. † Is Two Nation Theory A New ConceptA point generally raised by the opponent of the two-nation theory is that Pakistan was created accidentally and that the intellect of most of the Muslims at that time was overpowered by emotions. Moreover, that this phenomenon emerged in the early decade of the 20th century. But, what the history reveals is something different. Two-Nation theory was not at all as new phenomenon. History of Two Nation Theory Mahatma Gandhi, speaking in the second session of the Round table conference in London in 1931, said that the quarrel between Hindus an d Muslims was ‘coreview with the British advent’ in India.It would be difficult to maintain such a position historically because the conflict between Hindus and Muslims had started long before the emergence of the British power in India. The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory originated with the advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent (712AD). According to Jinnah, â€Å"The concept of two nation theory originated the day, the first Hindu converted to Muslim. † The partition of India was proposed more than seven hundred years prior to the Lahore resolution.In 1192 AD, on the eve of battle of Tarian, according to famous historian Farishta, Sultan Muizz-ud-Din had suggested to his rival, Pirthviraj, the partition of India, leaving the region of Sirhind, Punjab and Multan with Sultan and retaining the rest of India for himself. This proposal cropped up again after 150 years, when Al-Beruni pointed out the existence of the two big groups of people subscribing to two differe nt religions. â€Å"This (the religious difference) renders any connection with them† says Beruni, â€Å"quite impossible and constitutes the widest of gulf between them and us (Hindu and Muslims). |Perhaps Emperor Aurengzeb (1658-1707) was responsible for increasing Hindu Muslim tensions by trying to Islamize the Mughal | |government. Several Muslim historians have actually glorified Aurengzeb for making Muslims conscious of their separate religious | |and ideological identity. It is also true that Maratha and Sikh leaders raised their banner of revolt against Aurangzeb because | |in trying to organize his government on Islamic lines, the emperor was acting against their interest.Sir Jaduanath Sarkar’s | |observation on the role of Shivaji, the Maratha leader, is revealing: | |â€Å"Shivaji has shown that the tree of Hinduism is not really dead. That it can rise from beneath the seemingly crushing load of | |centuries of political bondage, exclusion from the adminis tration, and legal repression; it can put forth new leaves and branches| |it can again lift its head up to the skies† | |After Aurangzeb’s death, Muslim power started disintegrating.Muslims were so alarmed by the growing power of the Hindus under | |Maratha leadership that even a Sufi scholar like Shah Walliullha (1703-81) was moved into writing a letter to the Afghan King | |Shah Walliullah. He wrote: | |â€Å"In short, the Muslim community is in a pitiable condition. All control of the machinery of government is in the hands of Hindus,| |because they are the only people who are capable and industrious.Wealth and prosperity are concentrated in their hands; while | |the share of Muslims is nothing but poverty and misery†¦ At this time you are the only King who is powerful, far-sighted, and | |capable of defeating the enemy forces. Certainly it is incumbent upon you to march to India, destroy the Maratha domination and | |rescue weak and old Muslims from the clutch es of Non-Muslims. If, God forbid, domination by infidels continues, Muslims will | |forget Islam and within a short time become such a nation that there will be nothing left distinguish them from non-Muslims. | |This letter by Shah Walliullah to a foreign Muslim against the local Non-Muslims again reflects that Muslims living in any part | |of the world are the part of one Muslim Nation. | |The Two Nations | |Although the Hindus and Muslims had been living together for centuries in the Indian sub-continent, yet there had never been | |either any signs of merger of the Hindu and Muslims societies, or any serious attempt to develop a working relationship between | |the two major ethnic groups.The two have always remained as two distinct social systems, two separate and distinct cultures and | |last but not the least, two different civilizations. | |In fact, Hindu fanaticism has always been against those who do not belong to them and against all outsiders, whom they consider | |maleec h or unclean. So they are against having any connection with such people, what to speak of inter-marriage, a Hindu is often| |forbidden eat or drink or to even shake hand with a Muslim or for that matter with a person belonging to any other faith or | |religion.In short the Hindu customs and their hatred for Muslims was the main factor against developing a working relationship | |between the two major societies. | |Lala Lajpat Rai, a very astute politician and staunch Hindu Mahasabhite, in his letter to Mr. C. R. Das, which was written 12 or | |15 years prior to Pakistan Resolution, wrote: | |â€Å"There is one point more which has been troubling me very much of late and one which I want you to think (about) carefully, and | |that is the question of Hindu Mohammedan unity.I have devoted most of my time during the last six months to the study of Muslim | |history and Muslim law, and I am inclined to think it is neither possible nor practicable. Assuming and admitting the sincerity | |of Mohammedan leaders in the non-cooperation movement, I think their religion provides an effective bar to anything of that kind†¦| |And nothing would relieve more than to be convinced that it is so. But if it is right, then it comes to this, that although we | |can unite against the British, we cannot do so to rule Hindustan on British lines.We cannot do so to rule Hindustan on | |democratic lines. † | |[pic] |[pic] | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned: â€Å"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism.They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different social orders. It is a dream that the Hindu and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality; and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to r evise our notions in time. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. † Is Pakistan a Conspiracy of British And/Or Jinnah For the congress, the establishment of Pakistan was a cr uel blow to their claim of being a nationalist organization. It meant that Muslims did not trust the Hindus as a majority community to be just and generous towards Muslims interests and culture.This explains why congress leaders have often tended to attribute the creation of Pakistan almost entirely to the British policy of ‘divide and rule’. However, a closer look at the history after the establishment of the British rule in India will reveal that the Hindus were much closer to the British government than the Muslims. The Hindus, who were fed up with the Muslim rule, welcomed the British rule over India. This state of affairs resulted in the patronage of the Hindus by the British and suspicion and distrust against the Muslims of the sub-continent.The Hindus were economically better off than the Muslims. The events of 1857 further diminished the prospects of economic growth of the Muslim community in the sub-continent. From 1857 onwards, when the British had taken compl ete control of the Indian Administration, they elevated the Hindu community to the status of landlords, gave the Hindus proprietary rights and provided them the opportunity to accumulate the wealth which should have otherwise gone to the Muslims who were at the helm of affairs. Hindus were given more jobs in the government and military compared to Muslims.Lets now look see whether the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 as the largest Muslim state was a conspiracy of Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained an active member of the Indian National Congress for about 25 years, and because of his personal efforts to bring about a rapprochement between Hindus and Muslims was even hailed as the ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’. As long as effective power in India was in the hands of the British, it appeared as if a true nationalism was growing in that country.However, with the introduction of representative institutions and the devolution of political authority, the Hindus start ed showing their true colors by imposing their superiority over the Muslim minority, as a result of which a struggle between Hindus and Muslims ensued. Jinnah was greatly disappointed by these movements by the congress leaders and so he resigned from the Congress. The behavior of the Congress leader changed his mind and realized him that the Congress is a Hindu Congress. Another popular view regards Pakistan as no more than a personal triumph of the brilliant strategy and will power of Quaid-e-Azam| |Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that had Jinnah died earlier, there would not have been any | |Pakistan. It is true that Jinnah’s great role was a highly important contributing factor; but without intense religious zeal for | |an Islamic state on the part of Muslim masses, Jinnah could not have achieved Pakistan.Khilafat leaders like Maulana Muhammad | |Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and poets like Hali, Akbar Allahabdi and Iqbal were mainly respons ible for making Muslims | |conscious of their separate national and cultural identity. Thus, when the message of Pakistan was presented to the masses, it | |fell on fertile soil. Jinnah, who did not know Urdu, could not have achieved Pakistan without able and zealous lieutenants and | |without the vision of an Islamic state as an inspiring stimulant.One may even go so far as to say that the Muslim League, led | |largely by the middle-class Muslim Leaders, would have probably come to some sort of compromise on the issue of Pakistan had they| |not been swept off their feet by the intense Islamic fervor of the masses and the astounding success that the Muslim League | |achieved during the elections of 1945-46. It has been reported that the Quaid-e-Azam himself never expected to see Pakistan in | |his lifetime. |Congress leaders tried to challenge the two-nation theory by pointing out that a large number of Muslims in India were | |descendants of Hindu forebears who had converted to Isl am. They also argued that there was hardly any cultural difference between| |Hindus and Muslims in the rural areas where the vast majority of both communities lived. But these arguments could not alter the | |fact that a change in one’s religion from Hinduism to Islam in the Indian context not merely implied a change in one’s religion, | |but also a significant change in man’s social and cultural status.The new convert became the member of an egalitarian social and| |cultural force in large parts of India. Particularly in the North Western part of India, which constitutes Pakistan today, the | |dominant culture that emerged was clearly Islam. | |From Bande Mataram to Pakistan | |The first provincial elections under the 1935 Act were held in 1937, as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to | |form ministries in seven provinces.The attitude of the congress government towards the Muslims was very cruel, and it opened the| |eyes of Muslims to the im pending danger. The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of| |Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major factor which shook the Muslims from | |their political slumber and made them instantly conscious of their distinct national identity. | |Let’s consider the example of â€Å"Bande Mataram†. The Bande Mataram was adopted as the national anthem in the Congress Governed | |provinces.Muslim children were compelled to sing this anthem, which the Quaid described as â€Å"Idolatrous and worse a hymn of | |hatred for Muslims. † | |The song â€Å"Bande Mataram† is from an old Bengali novel, Anand Math, written by Bankim Chandra Chattrji. It tells the story of a | |secret religio-political society of Hindus plotting the overthrow of the Muslim power in Bengal in the 18th century. The new | |recruits to the secret society recited the Bande Mataram as a vow. A new recruit, Mohendra, was led by the leader, Bhavananda, to| |the temple of Anand Math to have darshan of the Mother.In the first chamber Mohendra was greeted by a massive four-armed Vishnu,| |flanked by the idols of Lakshami and Arawati, and a lonely image sitting on his lap. Bhavanda pointing to the lady on the lap of | |Lord Vishnu told Mohendra that she is the Mother and we are her children. The next chamber was decorated with the image of | |Jagatdhari, another deity who was explained, as â€Å"The mother was first like this†, the next camber where ten-armed Durga was | |presiding, attended by Lakshami and Sarawati.Bhavanda explained: â€Å"This is what the Mother will be like†¦ when the enemy has been | |crushed under her feet†. Mohendra was overcome with religious fervor and chanted these lines of Bande Mataram to be confirmed as | |a member of the anti-Muslim secret society: | |[pic] |[pic] | Thou art Durga with ten arms: | |And thou art Lakshmi, the lotus ranging; | |And thou art Vani that Givweth knowledge; | |I salute thee | |The Congress Government went to such an extent as to replace Urdu by Hindi, banning of Cow slaughter and even celebrating | |Gandhi’s Birthday officially and compelling the students Hindus and non-Hindus to worship the picture of Mahatma Gandhi. | |From the above very brief but factual analysis of the relationship which had developed between the two major Communities of India| |i. e; the Hindus and the Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the Muslims insisted on the | |partition of India and having a separate Homeland for the Muslims. | |The Tragedy of 1971 | |The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.However, it should not be regarded | |as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh, though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor | |a secular state rather is a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakist an were not able to understand the real situation in East | |Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the government, the involvement of the | |foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan, is a solid reality. Those who cry today upon the â€Å"cross-border† terrorism in Kashmir| |(in spite of the fact that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces behind the | |Muktibahini.The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not | |much literature was available in the Bangla language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi. On the other | |hand Robinder Nath Tegore and Chander Mukr Ji were very popular. | |The Muslim Bangladesh though no more a part of Pakistan is independent from the fright of Hindu domination. | |Ms. Indra Gandhi’s statement about the creation of Bangladesh, was by itself a proof of the existence of the Two-Nation Theory. | |She claimed that today ‘we’ have taken the revenge of the â€Å"1000’s years slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but in 1971 Pakistan was just 24 years old!!! | |Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000 years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. | |This means Pakistan didn’t emerge neither with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of â€Å"Divide and Conquer†, nor is a | |conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory | |existed long before August 47 in the heart of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah. | |[pic] |[pic] | Two Nation Theory At PresentKeeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be claimed that theTwo Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to Maha Bharat. They want all non-Hindus to change their faith to Hinduism. The top leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.The BJP also advises the Muslims in India that they must stop looking towards Makkah and Medina as they can live only by accepting Hindutva. The BJP government, in order to assimilate the Muslim population in India with the Hindu majority, also intends to amend Muslim personal laws. A movement has also been launched in India, with the blessing of the BJP government, that all the Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs, should call themselves Hindus, as th ey are the citizens of â€Å"Hindustan†. The non-Hindus in India, particularly the Muslims, are also being advised that by adopting the Hindu faith they may ensure for themselves an honorable place in the country.It may be recalled that Madhav Sadarish Golwalker, the head of the RSS, whom the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, considers his ‘soul and mentor’, in his book entitled â€Å"WE: our own nationhood defined†, while branding the Muslims of India as ‘enemies’ belonging to foreign races, recommended that ‘the foreign races in Hindustan’ must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i. e; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment – not even c itizen’s right.The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority. Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in Pakistan.Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan’s border should be opened to all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India to an even small er minority. First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India, after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority areas. What does all this reveal?Pakistan is much more than a piece of land. They never struggled for a piece of land to name it Pakistan; they had struggled for the Ideology named Pakistan. The Muslim leaders of the sub-continent struggled for Pakistan on the same guidelines as the Islamic state of Medina Munawara. Many Muslims migrated along with the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) to Medina Munawara, however many of them were left in Makkah. Those who had migrated along the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) and those who were the citizens of Medina, lived peacefully. While those who were left in Makkah were subjected to the cruelties of the Kaffar in Makkah. Was this unfair with them?It would have been unfair if the people of Medina had not participated in Badar, Uhed and Khandeq and rather would have opted for celebrating â€Å"Basant in Pakistan† at the same time when the people from Pakistan had been sold in Tora Bora†. In that case it would have been unfair†¦ but this certainly does not mean that establishment of â€Å"Medina† was an unfair decision rather it meant that those elements should be subjected to accountability which turn â€Å"jihad till Fatah-e-Makkah† to â€Å"Basant Bahar – the part of our culture†. The condition of the Indian Muslims after fifty-five years reveals the truth of the so-called Indian secularism. The Muslim s in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life. They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity.The sense of insecurity experienced by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totaling 95. 2 million (1991 census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population. Yet they are considered by the Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0. 43 and 0. 41 percent of the population respectively (1991 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the Mughal overlords.It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant over a Mu slim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the Indian sub-continent. The fulfillment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other. They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of insulting attacks on Islam made in school textbooks, or in the press, desecration of mosques and shrines, or deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture,.This is to an extent that a glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices. Cou ntless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists during the last few decades. The 16th century historic Babri mosque was razed to ground by thousands of Hindu fanatics in Ayodhya, (UP) on 16th Dec 1992 and the immense loss of human lives that followed was no secret. Conclusion The Two Nation Theory is still alive.Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic conflict between India and Pakistani nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistanis have been fighting for the last 52 years, to safeguard the Land which they got in the name of Islam. The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 52 years, in spite of India’s utmost effort to crush the lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory. It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but – it had a meaning.The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear capability. The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the Sub-Continent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A brotherhood based on irrespective of color or creed. Pakistan wanted to have Unity among the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and destined according to their